Period 2 Knowledge Dump

Ottomans 1300-1922

began in c.1300 until 1922, was islamic world power and the creme de la creme for dar al islam, part of the gunpowder empire bc of use of gunpowder is muskets and cannons (artillery in general) to expand, Mehmed II the Conqueror took over Constantinople in 1453 after a 53 day siege, ottoman empire was tolerant of other religions as it expanded across north africa, southeast europe, some of sothwest asia: espficiclally mecca, medina, jerusalem, capital became istanbul (anatolia), suleiman th emagnificent oversaw the golden age and was called the lawgiver of the empire for his justful laws and policies, as well as toleration of religions and women, women were treated much better than their islamic counterparts of other empires, 1550-1600 women were very influential and often refer to as “sultanate of women,” they inacted on their muslim rights of divorce, property, and trial testimony, harem politics was reffered to as women such as wifes, concubines, sisters, etc., influencing men of high power such as sultans, kings, emperors, to make biased decisions that would benefit their sons (usually seen in the ottoman and islamic empires), devshirme system was implemented and ottoman armed forces like the janisseries would take christian boys from thir home at an early age and train them to ebcome part of the ottoman army; these boys would never come back home and ocmpletetly change religion/culture/language, it was seen as a way to rise in rank and social mobnility, many of the boys would get educated in shariah and become scholars able to serve in the bureaucrcy of the empire, however pastoral central asian women lost some rights as islam orthodox belieefs were being implemented; most coudlnt hunt/gather, do acts such as arching and horse riding, etc. the failed siege of vienna of 1683 marked the slow decline of the ottoman empire and the end of the expansion towards western europe, the siege was overseen by suleiman the magnificent, 1500: 90% of anatolias residents were muslims/turks, in the balkans only 19% were muslims/turks , chirsitians welcomed ottomans because their taxes were lower thna previous rulers, 3 categories: man of sword/pen which was bureaucracy and army; mann of negotiation: merchnats, man of husbandry: peasant, agriculture farmers, labor; government was based on shariah lawj, supplemneted by royal edicts, gov officiials and scholars interpreted and applied law; jews left spain during ferdinand and isabellas exile to thr ottoman empire and were mostly treated fairly only had to pay jyzia; they propspered in banking industry; devshirme allowed for upwards mobility, ottomans allied with the french to stop spainish from taking over the mediterrenean and the hasburgs of austria, europeans went agaisnt papal law of selling firearms to the turks; ottomans had the practice of timar which was tax revenue in exchange of services, tax farming was also used which was the governemnt would bid of land for noble to tax and the highest bidder would receive taxing rights; this lead to corruption as the nobles would charge more than needed in order to enrich themselves. architecture was important and sinan pasha was responsibloe for building 81 mosques and developeing complex architecture in the empire; hagia sophia became a mosque; ottoman siege of vienna in 1683 marked the end of the ottoman ascendency in the world and the end of western europe expansioon as it failed 2 times; sultans become less involved, delegating their assigments, corruption increased, military weakened and the technology of the empire became obsolete because they were behind.

Safavids 1500-1700

1501-1736; the safavids rose to power in the middle east/ persia area (modern day

and iraq), founder was shah ismail, capital isfahan, they were shia muslim which meant they did not believe in the firat 3 caliphs after muhammed and onyl wanted blood related descendents as calips'/shas, this caused internal conflicts within the empire as well as with its neighbors; thye had men of pen which were the scholars and bureaucrats, and men of swirds; qizilbash which were fanatical warriors who wore red to show allegiance to the shah and shia religion, culture flourished as persian culture, flower, gardern, philosophy, etc, expanded, silk was super important ot trade for creation of persian carpets, safavids got into territorial and religious conflicts with the ottomans and coudltn really exapnd; sunni vs shia all the time, ottomans had better cannos, miliitary organization, and leaders, safavids began to decline after the 1700s because of internanl/external conflicts, coudlnt trade bc blockage by neighbors, failure to expand

Mughals 1500-1700

created a huge empire in south asia, largest political unity ever in india, took over th eprevious delhi sultanate, muslim-turkic pastoralists were the leaders of the mughal empire takeover, babur was the founder and he was tolerant and a fair ruler; established zamindar system which wwere the zamindars (land owning nobles) were inc harged of collecting the taxas of the land for the government; this showed delegation in the empire and bureaucratic effiency for some time, then corruption occurred, only20 % of the population wa smuslims the rest were hindus. then we have the grandon of bbabur; akbar the great, we can consider his rule as the golden age of th emughal empire because he was fair and wanted union in the empire, he levied thejyziza, prohibited sati, was agaisnt child marriage, and ensured rights of women were implemnted and encouraged remariage of widows, created the house of worship, created mosques, temples, and palaces for hindus and muslims, created his own religion call Din-I-ilahi to promote unity and a nationalist idea to unite the people but wasnt muich successuful, toleran tof other religons because he married hindu-rajpiuts princesses but didnt force convertion to islam, he restricted the power of the ulama which were the muslim scholars, incorporated hindus ot th epolitical/military elite of th empire, he didnt let religion or ethinicity bias his decision. Aurangzeb forbade dance an dmusic from court, required dancing girls to marry or exit th empire, reimposed jizya, destroyed hindu temple, wasnt religious toleran tlike akbar, central asian muslism brought persian culture to the empire, the taj mahal was created, nur jahan example of woman reigning in the shadow of her emperor husband, non muslims were required to pay jyzia but were able to remain in the empire, decline was caused due to overexpansion and poor bureaucratic system and weak governemnt, conflicts and weaknesses allowed for th ebritish to come and take control of india over france, robert clive was commander in the mission of colonization. 1750s british take control of india and the mughal falls

Songhai 1460-1580

1460-1590

founder sonni ali and he converted to islam but maintained close ties with the native religion and culture of west africa, he was a lukewarm muslim and muslim schoalrs and philosophers called him a cruel ruler an an infidel, the empire grew prominent in trade gold and slave trade, controlled most of the sand road commerce aka the sub saharan trade route, goa and timbuktu were weatlhy cities were islam fluorished and culture and education increased as well. came to an end when the saadi morrocan sultanate took over the empire and the region, they exchanged gold and slave usually for horses, lacked gunpowder technology, rural people remained with their original religions and practices, islam wa slimited to th eelite and educated of the empire

Saadi 1580-1650

empire in north africa from 1580-1650; played the europeans agaisnt each other; expanded to westa frica and fefeeated the songhai thru gunpowder weapons and cannons, defeated the portuguese and killed htie rking which marked the descendency of portugal as a world empire