Microbiology


Microbes- Bacteria, fungi, protoza, microscopic alga, viruses 

  • Microbiome- group of microbes that live in or on human body 

  • Adult human composed of 30 trillion body cells 

  • Microbiota- collection of microorganisms on or in human being/ acquired as newborns 

  • Microbiome project- 2007 1st goal: determine makeup of microbiota in body, 2nd goal- understand relationship of microbiome and disease 

  • National Microbiome Intiative 2016 - roles of microbiomes in different organisms 

  • Carlous Linnaeus- established name in 1735, Genus & Epithet 

  • Eschericha coli- Theodar Escherich- large intestin or colon 

  • Staphylococcus aureus - spherical gold - colored 

  • Bacteria- prokaryote , Peptidoglycan cell walls, swim using flagella 

  • Archea- prokaryote, no nucleus, extreme living environments (hot) 

  • Fungi- Eukaryotes, chitin cell wall, yeasts unicellular, molds multicellular

  • Protoza- eukaryotes, may move, pusopods, cilia, flagella, derive nutrients from living host, reproduce sexually/ asexually 

  • Algae- Eukaryotes, cellulose cell wall, photosynthesis for energy, sexual/ asexual reproduction

  • Viruses- acellelar, DNA or RNA, replicated in living host, 

  • Multicellular animal parasite- eukaryote, parasitic worms are helminths 

  • Classification of Microrganisms- carl Woese 

  • Robert Hooke- living things are composed of cells, 

  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- microscope to view first microbes 

  • Spontaneous generation:the hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter; a “vital force” is necessary for life

  • Biogenesis: the hypothesis that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells

  • 1668- francesco- filled jar with decaying meat covered with net- no maggots - sealed jar maggots 

  • 1745- jhon needham- put boiled nutrient browth heat it then in covered flask- microbial growth 

  • 1765- LAZZARO BOILED NUTRIET seald - heat - no growth 

  • 1858- Rudolf virchow- cells arise from pre existing cells 

  • 1861- louis pasteur - demonstrated that microorganisms are present in air 

  • Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation

  • Fermentation is the microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air/ wine to vinegar

  • Pasteurization is the application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages

  • Joseph Lister used a chemical antiseptic (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infections

  • 1835: Agostino Bassi silkworm disease by a fungus

  • 1865: Pasteur silkworm disease caused by  protozoan

  • 1840s: Ignaz Semmelweis handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever 

  • Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus created vaccination

  • Resitance to disease- immunity 

  • Treatment of disease with chemicals is called chemotherapy

  • Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug,salvarsan, to treat syphilis

  • Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic- penicillin, that killed S. aureus

  • Mycology- study of fungi 

  • Imunology- study of immunity 

  • Virology - study of viruses 

  • Dmitri Iwanowski in 1892 and Wendell Stanley in 1935 discovered the cause of mosaic disease of tobacco to be a virus

  • Microbial genetics- study of how microbes inherit traits 

  • Molecular biology- study of how dna directs protein synthesis 

  • Genomics- study of organisms genes has provided new tools classifying microorganisms 

  • Recombinant (connection) split/attachment  Dna from two sources - Paul berg inserted animal dna to bacterial dna and bacteria produced animal protein

  • George Beadle / Edward- showed genes encode cells enzymes

  • Oswald Avery/ collin macleod, maclyn mccarthy showed dna is heredity material 

  • James watson and francis proposed model of dna structure 

  • François Jacob and Jacques Monod discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis

  • Microbial ecology- study of relation of microorganisms and their environment 

  • Bacteria convert carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, andphosphorus into forms used by plants and animals

  • Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to animals and plants

  • Biotechnology is the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals

  • Recombinant DNA technology enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes

  • Resistance- ability of the body to ward off disease 

  • Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called normal microbiota

  • Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses- 

  • Biofilms can cause infections and are often resistant to antibiotics

  • Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs): new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

  • Zikra virus- 1947 uganda, Spread by bite of an infected Aedes mosquito; also transmitted by sexual contact

  • Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV- common to sars - 1,800 confirmed human cases and 630 deaths since 2014

  • H1N1 influenza- swine flu- U.S 2009 pandemic worldwide by WHO in 2009 

  • Avian influenza A (H5N1)- Influenza A virus- in waterfowl and poultry

  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA

  • Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF)- Ebola virus- ​​contact with infected blood or body fluids

  • Marburg virus- African fruit bats- 13 outbreaks