French 3 History Notes
Les Druides = des prêtres, des philosophes, des médecins, des juges (ça inclut des femmes aussi).
-au coeur de leur sociéte qui était un peu barbare, mais pas sauvage.
-capable d'héroïsm, mais pas discipline ou un effort trop long.
One of the earliest and most continuous nations, dating from the times of the ancient celts in 3rd century, A.J.C.
Les Vestiges de l'homme préhistorique:
les points de dessins sur les murs des grottes (Lascaux).
inspiré par la chasse.
significance: réligieuse.
les premiers hommes habitaient dans les grottes.
le travail consistait de: chasser, pêcher, faire du feu, s'habiller en peau d'animaux.
les villages lacaustres: village bâti sur une plate ferme au bord d'un lac, avec une passerelle (chasser, pêcher, tisser, fondre les minérals (bijoux, armes, outils), cultiver le sol, filer, etc.
on a enlevé les grandes pierres (en Bretagne: Carnac)
les menhirs: (peut-être un calendrier solaire)
les dolmens: (des tombeaux)
La Gaule: La France d'aujourd'hui:
plus grande que la France d'aujourd'hui mais moins peuplée.
il n'y avait pas de routes mais seulement des mauvais chemins et des sentiers.
le pays est couvert des immenses forêts.
there has never really been a "french" race: continuez la prochaine classe!
L'Histoire de la Gaule continué:
-There has never really been a French race: it was made up of many different tribes including: les Iberians dans les Pyrénées, les navigateurs grecs, les Duens, les Carnutes, etc.)
For many centuries, the A.J.C. Celtes filtered into the valleys of the Rhin and Rhône rivers.
Therefore, the French veins (bloodline) are mingled with blood of Iberians, Ligurians, Celtes, Romains, etc.
Les Gaulois:
Name given to the Celts by the Romans who called them Galli =Gaule.
Original Celtic societies were divided into clans and then tribes and then nations (there were about 60 tribus total that we have recollection of).
The total population at this time was said to be anywhere from 5 to 13 million. Obviously without written word, we do not know that number, so that is why there is such a large discrepancy.
Les peuples: une description physical: teint clair, cheveux blonds, yeux bleus, et bavards.
Le travail:
chasser des animaux sauvages (cerfs, chevreuils, renards, sangliers, loups, ours)
pêcher
cultiver la terre
élever des animaux: des chevaux, des boeufs, des porcs, des moutons, et des poules
fabriquer des objets, des outils, des armes (de bronze et de fer), et des bijoux (en or).
tisser et filer
Ils aimaient les couleurs vives et on portaient un pantalon (qui s'appelle les braies=consistaient d'une tunique + un manteau
ils étaient très braves
Ils aimaient les grands voyages, la guerre, et la conversation
La conquête de la Gaule par les Romains:
the peak of Gaule was around 100 A.J.C. however, in 600 A.J.C., les Grecs de Marseille tried to conquer it but they were unsuccessful.
Gallic Wars were 58-51 A.J.C.:
Rome wanted to defend its boundaries
Rome mainly tried to consolidate its hold on an area known as: Gallia Narbonensis which is modern-day Provence (south of France on the Mediterranean Sea).
So, who were all the people who made up La Gaule?
Une sommaire des gens de Gaule:
Ligurians= 1st largest group who came to La Gaule and centered in the Rhône basin and lakes of the Alpine region.
they build fortifications and storehouses in the center of a body of water and were known as the lake dwellers who were always surrounded by pastures and fields.
they had olive-color skin, dark hair and were people of short stature.
strongly attached to the soil.
famous as swift runners, therefore known for fleetness.
worshipped: the earth, sun, moon, stars, and fires.
some of the first to have the huge monuments of polished stone that were raised over the mass graves of the dead:
Menhirs = vertical standing stones
Cromlechs = circles of Menhirs
Dolmens = horizontal stones across the top of the standing Menhirs
Main crops included: corn, barley, and flax
Main stock included: pigs, sheep, and goats
They were some of the first to replace fur clothing with flax and wool.
Celts= 2nd largest group who came to La Gaule.
originally from around the Baltic sea area.
Spent most of the 5th century A.J.C. conquering the Ligurians (mainly because they greatly outnumbered them).
won most if not all of their battles.
imposed their rules but also adopted many of the Ligurian customs.
Gauls= the group of people who eventually came out of the many tribes to come through this area.
had two greatest loves: fighting and talking.
their basis of social organization was the family which was headed by the father who held the power of life and death over everyone in his family.
several of these tribes did have common chiefs, traditions, and territories, but their trade centered around where they were located.
Bourges = miners
Parisii = sailers
Rimi = known for fine horses
each tribe of the Gauls had their own economic independence which was based on their agriculture.
this was the start of the first roots of feudalism = the promise of gifts and loyalty in return for protection in the case of war).
adorné la nature, le soleil, la lune, et les plantes.
aimé faire la guerre et voyager et se battre.
aimé bien manger.
élevé les animaux.
leurs villages étaient installés dans les clairières, au bord des rivières ou des lacs.
on a construit quelques villes foritifiées comme Lutèce = modern-day Paris.
ressemble present-day tribes in Central Africa.
leur religion: worshipped local and rural divinities such as:
Borvo (god of springs)
Diva (goddess of rivers)
practiced more secret cult things: there was a mystery taught by a religious fraternity of Druids
Les Druides: part astrologers/part witch-doctors
des peuples qui étaient: prêtres, juges, médecins (les femmes aussi).
la société était sauvage
they were capable of heroism but not discipline or long-continued effort.
Quand est-ce que les Romains sont arrivés?
Jules César (58 A.J.C.): Chef des Romains
46 year old politician
he was as ambitious as he was able-physically and mentally fit
wanted to seize the remains of the Roman power:
needed prestige and an army (les Romains étaient bien armés, bien disciplinés et obéissent tous à un seul chef).
Gallic quarrels with the Romans: started as early as 59 A.J.C.
Vercingétorix:
un jeune chef gaulois du tribu d'Auvergne qui a essayé d'unir les Gaulois contre César.
Il a dit une phrase bien connue: "oublions nos disputes, unissons-nous, et nous chasserons les Romains."
un chef intelligent et brave, mais les soldats gaulois n'étaient ni bien armés, ni obéissants comme les soldats romains
leur armée était toujours en désordre
1st recorded French name
1st herof les Gaulois
his symbol = le coq
Les Batailles gauloises:
Due to the heightened number of factional strife, and the pressure Rome was feeling to protect their boundaries, César decided it was time to make a move
César moved into Gaule and started their harsh treatment of Les Gaulois
Vercingétorix decided to try and end this by making a rebellion inevitable (how he earned his title as a hero), even though Les Gaulois were already defeated Gergovie.
Vercingétorix était en Alésia (une ville fortifiée) et il essayait de résister les Romains:
César entourait la ville et les Gaulois devenaient des prisonniers sur leur propre terre.
Les Gaulois étaient en train de mourir de faim
Pour sauver la vie de ses soldats, Vercingétorix s'est rendu à César: en Septembre, 52 A.J.C.)
Il était fait prisonnier et a emmené à Rome (Il y restait pendant 6 ans) et après ces 6 ans, il a fait assassiner.
La guerre d'indépendance a duré pendant deux ans à plus.
La Bataille de Gaule pour les Romains:
Conquest of Gaule was not an easy one
Romans had to deal with the country as well as the Gallic warriors.
Most of Gaul was filled with vast forests and thick undergrowth that was interrupted by marshes and bogs
It has been said that the soldiers could actually march through the Ardennes forest for 60 days and never find an end
The wars with Gaule lasted 10 years which resulted in a million Gauls dead, a million enslaved, and a million left to rebuild their devastated country now under Roman control.
Statue of Vercingétorix: at the foot of the statue are engraved Caesar's words: "United, Gaul would have defied the world!"
Les Gauls heaped treasures of gold, silver, and gems into sacred groves or lakes.
the Romans record collecting about $100,000 in gold and silver after dredging through the sacred lakes.
Caesar was warmly greeted upon his return after the conquest of Gaul because of this.
La Gaule romaine:
Les Gaulois:
des gens intelligents, apprennent vite à faire comme les Romains
Ils s'habillent comme eux: la toge (manteau de laine)
Ils parlent la même langue: le latin
Ils savent écrire et lire
Ils apprennent à construire des maisons, des ponts, des aqueducs (qui amènent l'eau pure de la montagne jusqu'aux fontaines de la ville)
Ils assistent dans les arènes: aux courses de chars et aux jeux du cirque ou des esclaves
les gladiateurs: se battent entre eux ou contre des bêtes féroces, jusqu'à la mort
On ne distingue plus les Gaulois des Romains et on les appelle tous des Gallo-Romains
éventuellement, le même religion, mais on devient les chrétiens.
Druidism: le religion des Gaulois
They worshipped natural phenomenon such as trees or plants:
Beech, oak, mistletoe (which they thought to be endowed with supernatural powers)
Mistletoe was considered sacred if it grew on Oak trees and gathering mistletoe had a special ceremony:
priests would dress in white robes and carry a golden sickle (une faucille en or) with which they would cut the mistletoe and it had to fall into a white piece of cloth
this religion is still practiced in many parts of the world
Les Druides = 3 categories or people
officiated at rituals
bards or poets
heelers = doctors
Worst punishments from them was excommunicated/ostracism.
Vercingétorix:
un jeune chef gaulois du tribu d'Auvergne qui a essayé d'unir les Gaulois contre César.
Il a dit une phrase bien connue: "oublions nos disputes, unissons-nous, et nous chasserons les Romains."
un chef intelligent et brave, mais les soldats gaulois n'étaient ni bien armés, ni obéissants comme les soldats romains
leur armée était toujours en désordre
1st recorded French name
1st herof les Gaulois
his symbol = le coq
Les Batailles gauloises:
Due to the heightened number of factional strife, and the pressure Rome was feeling to protect their boundaries, César decided it was time to make a move
César moved into Gaule and started their harsh treatment of Les Gaulois
Vercingétorix decided to try and end this by making a rebellion inevitable (how he earned his title as a hero), even though Les Gaulois were already defeated Gergovie.
Vercingétorix était en Alésia (une ville fortifiée) et il essayait de résister les Romains:
César entourait la ville et les Gaulois devenaient des prisonniers sur leur propre terre.
Les Gaulois étaient en train de mourir de faim
Pour sauver la vie de ses soldats, Vercingétorix s'est rendu à César: en Septembre, 52 A.J.C.)
Il était fait prisonnier et a emmené à Rome (Il y restait pendant 6 ans) et après ces 6 ans, il a fait assassiner.
La guerre d'indépendance a duré pendant deux ans à plus.
La Bataille de Gaule pour les Romains:
Conquest of Gaule was not an easy one
Romans had to deal with the country as well as the Gallic warriors.
Most of Gaul was filled with vast forests and thick undergrowth that was interrupted by marshes and bogs
It has been said that the soldiers could actually march through the Ardennes forest for 60 days and never find an end
The wars with Gaule lasted 10 years which resulted in a million Gauls dead, a million enslaved, and a million left to rebuild their devastated country now under Roman control.
Statue of Vercingétorix: at the foot of the statue are engraved Caesar's words: "United, Gaul would have defied the world!"
Les Gauls heaped treasures of gold, silver, and gems into sacred groves or lakes.
the Romans record collecting about $100,000 in gold and silver after dredging through the sacred lakes.
Caesar was warmly greeted upon his return after the conquest of Gaul because of this.
La Gaule romaine:
Les Gaulois:
des gens intelligents, apprennent vite à faire comme les Romains
Ils s'habillent comme eux: la toge (manteau de laine)
Ils parlent la même langue: le latin
Ils savent écrire et lire
Ils apprennent à construire des maisons, des ponts, des aqueducs (qui amènent l'eau pure de la montagne jusqu'aux fontaines de la ville)
Ils assistent dans les arènes: aux courses de chars et aux jeux du cirque ou des esclaves
les gladiateurs: se battent entre eux ou contre des bêtes féroces, jusqu'à la mort
On ne distingue plus les Gaulois des Romains et on les appelle tous des Gallo-Romains
éventuellement, le même religion, mais on devient les chrétiens.
Druidism: le religion des Gaulois
They worshipped natural phenomenon such as trees or plants:
Beech, oak, mistletoe (which they thought to be endowed with supernatural powers)
Mistletoe was considered sacred if it grew on Oak trees and gathering mistletoe had a special ceremony:
priests would dress in white robes and carry a golden sickle (une faucille en or) with which they would cut the mistletoe and it had to fall into a white piece of cloth
this religion is still practiced in many parts of the world
Les Druides = 3 categories or people
officiated at rituals
bards or poets
heelers = doctors
Worst punishments from them was excommunicated/ostracism.
Gauls: had no form of writing, so their history, lore, medecine, and philosophy were transmitted from one generation to the next orally and from memory.
human sacrifice and others were part of rituals.
they continued the same religion but also became: les chrétiens.
les Gaulois: they heaped treasures of gold, silver, and gems into sacred groves and lakes.
the Romans record collecting $100,000 in gold and silver after dredging the sacred lakes.
because of this, Ceasar was warmly greeted when he returned after the Conquest of Gaul.
La Gaule romaine:
Les Gaulois romains: were intelligent and quickly learned the life of the Romans.
ils s'habillent comme eux: porter la toge = manteau de laine (wool)
ils parlent la même langue: le latin
ils savent lire et écrire
ils apprennent à construire des maisons, des ponts, des aqueducs (qui amènent l'eau pure de la montagne jusqu'aux fontaines de la ville)
ils assistent dans les arènes: aux courses de chars et aux jeux du cirque ou des esclaves
les gladiateurs: se battent entre eux ou contre des bêtes féroces, jusqu'à la mort.
eventually, no one could distinguish les Gaulois anymore, from les Romains and eventually they all called them: les Gallo-Romains.
Inventions of the Gaule Empire:
calendrier
un marché au commun-intertribal trade
intertribal courts of Druids
Division of labor
chisel, handsaw, plows, and soap
width of 20th century railroad tracks eventually became the same width of the Gaulic chariots
Après La Gaule:
Romans brought peace and unity.
Spread imperial principles of the Romans = modern France assimilated a more definite shape especially in terms of communal life.
Roman Imperial Conquest included:
consolidation and grandeur
disentigration
use of the new religion: Christianity
original conquest of Gaule by César made him famous as well as expanded Roman Empire by 30%.
Roman Gaule included: France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and much of Holland, Germany, Switzerland
Pax Romana: 500 years of great peace
leaning towards civilization
period during which: agriculture, cattle breeding, and urban development were greatly improved.
Lyon: capitale de la province gallo-romaine.
progrès: grandes villes, monuments-arènes, rues, routes pavées, ampithéâthres, temples, arcs, langue écrite (le latin), religion romaine, cultivation de la terre, acquéducs, écoles, bains publiques, les ponts.
Christianity Continued:
As the Christian doctrine began to be preached all over, Martyrs become inspirational models of faith powers.
a good example of martyrdom was by Saint Blandine: as she was being tortured she repeatedly kept saying: I am Christian and nothing wrong is done amongst us.
how was she tortured?
thrown to wild beasts in the arena
burned with hot irons
put in a net and thrown to a wild bull
finally beheaded
persecution of Christians continued until the collapse of the Roman Empire.
not because of religious doctrines
but because their beliefs were tangled with economic and political foundations of Rome
Une Visuelle:
Les Ligurians-------Les Celtes---------Les Gaulois----------Les Gaulois-romaine-------Germanic tribes (Visigoths, barbarians)-------Teutonic tribes (Franks)-------Clovis = Christianity!
Christianity moved through this line of ancestry little by little until about 300 Ap. J.C. when it finally became more deeply rooted in its foundations.
Emperor Constantine eventually legalized Christianity in 313 Ap. J. C. (Edict of Milan) as it struggled to move through Roman paganism.
Apostles like Paul and other of Jesus's disciples spread the word of Christianity and it gained popularity. Why?
used a shared common language to spread the faith
offered a sense of community, caring for the sick and poor and welcoming everybody-including women and slaves-offering them equality and hope
promise of a better afterlife and salvation was highly appealing
Finally in 380 Ap. J.C. Emperor Theodosius issued the Edict of Thessalonica, making Christianity the exclusive, official religion of the empire.
Clovis:
en l'année 481 Ap. J.C. les Franks ont choisi Clovis pour roi
il était courageux et rusé
il voulait devenir le maître de toute la Gaule
Il voulait devenir l'ami des Gallo-Romains qui sont tous chrétiens
il a épousé Clotilde = une princesse chrétienne, et puis il s'est fait baptisé
il est devenu le seul chef des Gallo-Romains
Puis La Gaule est éventuellement devenue le pays des Francs = La France!
Here are the completed answers based directly on your notes:
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### Première partie: L’Histoire de France (Guide)
1. The famous cave paintings are located at Lascaux.
2. The ancestral group accounting for the main French descent today: the Ligurians.
3. The second largest ancestral group: the Celts.
4. The Ligurians settled in the Rhône basin and Alpine lake regions.
5. Three physical characteristics of the Ligurians:
* Olive-colored skin
* Dark hair
* Short stature
6. They were known for being swift runners (a “Ligurian” meant someone fast/fleet).
7. Their religion: they worshipped nature (earth, sun, moon, stars, fire).
8. The group: the Celts; they called themselves Celts.
9. They conquered the Ligurians in the 5th century B.C.
10. Three characteristics of the Celts:
* Brave
* Loved war
* Talkative
11. Their two main loves: fighting and talking.
12. The basic family unit: the family led by the father (absolute authority).
13. Economy: agriculture; staple diet: grains (corn/barley).
14. Religion system: Druidism; three classes:
* Druids (priests/judges)
* Bards (poets)
* Healers (doctors)
15. Worst punishment: excommunication / ostracism.
16. Julius Caesar took advantage of the treasures.
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17. Gaul was easy to conquer because it was internally divided (tribal conflicts).
18. Difficulty: dense forests, marshes, and difficult terrain.
19. Wars lasted 10 years.
One million were *killed**
One million were *enslaved**
One million were left to *rebuild**
20. Caesar said: “United, Gaul would have defied the world.”
21. Roman dominance lasted approximately 500 years.
22. Effect:
Upper class: *adopted Roman culture quickly**
Lower class: *changed more slowly**
23. Roman law replaced Gallic (customary) law.
24. Lyon became the center.
25. The belief transmitted: worship of nature (natural forces).
26. Exported products:
* Agricultural goods (grain)
* Animals
* Metals/jewelry
27. Christians were persecuted because their beliefs conflicted with Roman political and economic systems (not just religion).
28. It was easy for Teutonic tribes because Gaul was weakened and disorganized.
29. It was forbidden for them to intermarry (marriage between groups).
30. They lived at peace because they eventually mixed and shared religion (Christianity) and culture.
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