Isomerism

Isomer-This are molecules with the same formula but their atoms are arranged differently there are two types of isomers structural and stereoisomer

Structural isomer- These are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula. There are 3 types:

Chain isomers- These are isomers that differ in the skeletal formula.

Functional isomer- These are isomers that have different functional group.

Positional isomer- This is when the position of the functional groups varies in the structure

Stereoisomers- This is when 2 or more compounds have the same atoms bonded to each other but these bonds are have different spacial arrangement in thr compound . There are two types:

Geometrical isomers (cis-trans)- These isomers are formed due to no free rotating electrons in the double bonds.this occurs when either groups are arranged on the same side (cis) or on opsite sides (trans)

Optical isomers -this happens when 4 different group are attached to 1 single carbon atom in the compound. These form mirror images of each other and when you rotate them up they don't match up.

Optical isomers can only be rotated in plane polarized light due to light having an electromagnetic field. A polarimeter is used to measure the rotation in optical isomers. When is rotates clockwise it is an (+) enantiomer and if rotates anticlockwise it is an (-) enantiomer. (Enantiomer is another name for Optical isomers)

Chiral center- this is when a atom has 4 different functional groups attached to a carbon.