Anterior Abdominal Wall, Pelvis, and Back Muscles Notes

Anterior Abdominal Wall, Pelvis, and Back Muscles

Anterior Abdominal Wall

Peritoneum
  • 'Balloon' surrounding all abdominal structures.
  • Parietal Peritoneum:
    • Derived from somatic mesoderm in the embryo.
    • Receives somatic innervation (localized pain).
    • Outer layer.
  • Visceral Peritoneum:
    • Derived from splanchnic mesoderm in the embryo.
    • Receives autonomic nerves (diffuse pain).
    • Inner layer.
  • Peritoneal Cavity
Layers of the Abdominal Wall
  • Skin
  • Subcutaneous tissue
  • Muscular Layer
  • Fascia transversalis
  • Extraperitoneal Fat
  • Parietal peritoneum
Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
  • Flat Muscles (3):
    • External oblique
    • Internal oblique
    • Transverse abdominis
  • Strap-like Muscle (1):
    • Rectus abdominis
  • Linea Semilunaris and Linea Alba
Exercises
  • Stomach Crunch: Targets abdominal muscles.
  • Oblique Crunch: Targets oblique muscles.
  • Stomach crunch with legs raised: Targets lower abdominals.

Inguinal Region and Hernia

Testicular Descent
  • Phase 1: Transabdominal phase.
  • Phase 2: Inguinoscrotal phase.
  • Regression of cranial suspensory ligament and gubernaculum.
Inguinal Region
Contents of the Inguinal Canal and Spermatic Cord
  • Fascia (3):
    • External spermatic fascia
    • Cremasteric fascia
    • Internal spermatic fascia
  • Arteries (3):
    • Testicular artery
    • Cremasteric artery
    • Deferential artery
  • Veins (3):
    • Pampiniform plexus and testicular vein
    • Cremasteric vein
    • Deferential vein
  • Nerves (3):
    • Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
    • Ilioinguinal nerve
    • Autonomic nerves
  • Lymphatics
In Females
  • Round ligament of uterus
  • Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
  • Ilioinguinal nerve
Inguinal Hernia
  • Indirect inguinal hernia
  • Direct inguinal hernia

Bony Pelvis/Pelvic Girdle

  • Ilium
  • Coxal bone
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
  • Joints:
    • Lumbosacral joint
    • Sacroiliac joint
    • Pubic symphysis
    • Sacrococcygeus joint
  • Angle of Inclination
Angle of inclination
  • sacral promontory and upper margin of pubic symphysis - 5050 to 6060 degree
  • tip of coccyx and lower margin of pubic symphysis - 1010 to 1515 degree
Pelvic Diaphragm - Inferior View
  • Levator Ani
  • Coccygeus
  • Perineum

Back Muscles

  • Erector Spinae and Multifidus (part of the core muscles)
    • Superficial Layer
    • Intermediate Layer
    • Deep Layer
Deep Layer (Intrinsic)
  • Minor Deep intrinsic muscles
    • Interspinales
    • Intertransversarii
    • Levatores Costarum
Vertebral Column Stabilizers Exercises
  • Plank: Target lower back and core muscles.
  • Side plank: Target lower back and core muscles.