Global Art History Vocabulary Review

Unit 1: Global Prehistory

Anthropomorphic: Refers to the attribution of human traits to non-human entities, particularly in prehistoric art.
Archeology: The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts.
Megalith: Large stone used in the construction of a monument or a structure in ancient times; includes menhirs and dolmens.
Menhir: A large upright standing stone, often found alone or in groups.
Mortise-and-tenon: A jointing technique used in construction wherein a protruding tenon fits into a mortise hole.
Post-lintel: An architectural construction method where vertical posts support horizontal lintels.
Shamanism: A range of spiritual practices involving a practitioner (shaman) who enters altered states of consciousness to heal or access the spirit world.
Stele: A stone or wooden slab, often bearing inscriptions or reliefs, used for commemorative purposes or to mark graves.
Stylized: Artistic representation where objects are presented in a simplified, abstracted manner, rather than realistically.
Twisted perspective: An artistic convention depicting a figure in multiple perspectives simultaneously, often seen in prehistoric art.
Ochre: A natural clay pigment, usually yellow or reddish-brown, used in ancient art for coloring.
Terra-cotta: Clay-based ceramic fired at low temperatures, commonly used for sculptures and pottery.

Unit 2.1: Near East

Apadana: An audience hall in ancient Persian palaces, often featuring grand columns.
Apotropaic: Referring to artifacts designed to ward off evil, often seen in religious context.
Cella: The inner chamber of a temple, typically housing the cult statue.
Cuneiform: An ancient form of writing, developed by the Sumerians, characterized by its wedge-shaped marks.
Façade: The front or face of a building, often architecturally ornate.
Ground line: A horizontal line across the panel of a picture, representing the ground against which forms are set.
Ground plan: A drawing that shows the layout of a building or structure from above.
Hierarchical scale: An artistic convention in which the size of figures is determined by their social or spiritual significance rather than physical proportions.
Lamassu: Mythical hybrid creatures, often depicted as having a human head, body of a bull or lion, and wings, used as protective deities.
Negative space: The space around and in between the subjects of an image, which is just as important as the subjects themselves.
Register: A horizontal band, often used in narrative art, to separate different scenes or levels of action.
Relief sculpture: A type of sculpture where figures project from a flat background.
Bas-relief: A shallow relief sculpture, where the sculpted elements are only slightly raised from the background.
Votive: Objects offered to gods or spirits in fulfillment of a vow or in gratitude.
Ziggurat: A massive structure built in ancient Mesopotamia resembling a terraced step pyramid, often serving religious purposes.

Unit 2.2: Egypt

Amarna style: Artistic style associated with the reign of Akhenaten, characterized by a more naturalistic approach and altered depictions of the human body.
Ankh: An ancient Egyptian symbol representing life and immortality.
Clerestory: An upper level of a church or other sacred building containing windows, allowing light to enter.
Engaged column: A column that is attached to a wall, projecting slightly from it.
Hieroglyphics: A system of writing using symbolic pictures, used in ancient Egypt for religious texts and monuments.
Hypostyle: A hall or area supported by numerous columns, often seen in ancient Egyptian temples.
In situ: Referring to objects found or preserved in their original location or context.
Ka: In ancient Egyptian belief, the spirit or life force of a person, which could exist independently of the body.
Mastaba: An ancient Egyptian tomb with a rectangular structure and a flat roof, containing chapels and underground burial chambers.
Necropolis: A large ancient cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments, often associated with a particular city.
Papyrus: An ancient writing material made from the pith of the papyrus plant, used in Egypt for scrolls and documents.
Peristyle: A courtyard surrounded by a row of columns in classical architecture.
Pharaoh: The title used for ancient Egyptian kings, considered both political and religious leaders.
Pylon: The monumental gateway of an Egyptian temple complex, often flanked by two towers.
Sarcophagus: A stone coffin, often decorated with inscriptions or reliefs, used for tomb burials in ancient Egypt.
Sunken relief: A type of relief sculpture where the image is carved into the surface, creating a recessed effect.

Unit 2.3: Greece

Acropolis: A high city, often containing temples and significant governmental buildings, notably in Athens.
Agora: A public open space used for assemblies and markets in ancient Greece.
Amphora: A tall ancient Greek jar with two handles and a narrow neck, used for storing liquids.
Architrave: The main beam that rests on columns, supporting the structure above.
Athena: The Greek goddess of wisdom, war, and craft, often associated with the city of Athens.
Canon: A rule or standard, particularly in art relating to proportion and symmetry, notably by Polykleitos.
Caryatid: A sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support in place of a column.
Contrapposto: A sculptural representation of a human figure standing with the weight on one leg, creating a sense of dynamism and realism.
Corinthian: The most ornate of the classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by elaborate capitals.
Cornice: A decorative molding that crowns a building or structure.
Doric: The simplest of the classical orders of Greek architecture, characterized by plain columns and a frieze with no decoration.
Entablature: The horizontal structure supported by columns, typically comprising the architrave, frieze, and cornice.
Frieze: A decorative band, often sculpted or painted, that runs along the horizon of a building, generally located above the columns.
Gigantomachy: The mythological battle between the giants and the Olympian gods, often depicted in classical art.
Ionic: An architectural order characterized by volutes (scroll-like ornaments) on the capital of the columns.
Isocephalism: The artistic convention of aligning heads of figures on the same level, regardless of their size or posture.
Kiln: A furnace used for firing pottery.
Kouros: A standing male youth sculpture in ancient Greece, often representing athleticism and youthfulness.
Krater: A large vase used in ancient Greece for mixing wine and water.
Metope: A panel between the triglyphs of a Doric frieze, often adorned with relief sculptures.
Mosaic: An artistic technique of creating images with small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials.
Nike: The Greek goddess of victory, frequently depicted in art with elaborate wings.
Niobe: A figure in Greek mythology who was punished for her pride, often depicted in art as weeping for her children.
Panathenaic Way: The ceremonial road leading through Athens, connecting the city to the Acropolis for the Panathenaic Festival.
Pediment: The triangular upper part of a building's façade, typically found in classical architecture.
Peplos: A garment worn by women in ancient Greece, typically made of wool.
Peristyle: A columned porch or courtyard around a building.
Portico: A structure consisting of a roof supported by columns at regular intervals, typically attached to a building.
Propylaeum: The monumental gateway to a sacred enclosure or the entrance to a temple.
Shaft: The long, cylindrical part of a column or pillar.
Stoa: A covered walkway or portico in ancient Greece, often used for public gathering.
Tholos: A circular building, often used for tombs or as a sanctuary.
Triglyph: A three-grooved section of the Doric frieze, situated between two metopes.
Zeus: The king of the Greek gods, associated with sky, lightning, and thunder.

Unit 2.4: Etruscan and Roman

Stucco: A fine plaster used for coating walls and molding into architectural decorations.
Triclinium: The dining room in Roman houses where guests reclined on couches while eating.
Tuffa: A porous stone used in Etruscan and Roman construction.
Tumulus: A burial mound or barrow, often used in Etruscan funerary practices.
Tuscan order: An architectural order similar to Doric, but with a simpler base and capital.
Ashlar masonry: A finely dressed stone used in construction for building walls.
Atrium: The central courtyard in ancient Roman homes, often open to the sky and surrounding rooms.
Basilica: A large public building in ancient Rome, often used for legal proceedings and later for Christian worship.
Axial plan: A building design where structures are organized along a central axis.
Bust: A sculpted representation of a person's head and neck, often used to depict important figures.
Coffer: A sunken panel in a ceiling, often used as a decorative element.
Composite column: An architectural column that combines elements from different classical orders, especially Ionic and Corinthian.
Continuous narrative: A visual storytelling technique where multiple scenes are presented within a single frame.
Cubiculum: A small room or chamber, often used as a bedroom in Roman houses.
Cupola: A rounded vault or ceiling, often found in domes.
Encaustic: A painting technique using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added.
Foreshortening: A technique used in perspective to represent an object or figure in a picture in depth.
Forum: The central public space in ancient Roman cities, serving as a marketplace and meeting area.
Fresco: A technique of mural painting executed on freshly laid wet plaster, allowing pigments to bond with the wall.
Impluvium: The sunken part of a Roman atrium that collected rainwater.
Keystone: The central stone at the summit of an arch, locking the other stones in place.
Oculus: A circular opening at the top of a dome, providing light and ventilation.
Peristyle: A garden courtyard surrounded by a colonnade.
Perspective: Techniques used to represent three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface:
- Linear perspective: A mathematical system for creating the illusion of depth on a flat surface.
- Orthogonals: Lines that converge at a vanishing point, aiding in creating depth.
- Vanishing point: The point in perspective at which parallel lines seem to converge.
- Atmospheric/aerial perspective: A technique to create depth by altering color and clarity to simulate distance.
Pier: A vertical support structure that can bear weight.
Spandrel: The space between the curve of an arch and the rectangular frame that surrounds it.
Vault: An architectural feature formed by the construction of an arch that extends to create a ceiling or roof.
- Barrel vault: A simple form of vault consisting of a series of arches that creates a tunnel-like structure.
- Groin vault: The intersection of two barrel vaults, creating a more complex structure.
Veristic: A style of Roman portraiture characterized by extreme realism and fidelity to nature, often depicting age and experience.

Unit 3.1: Early Christian, Byzantine, Early Islamic, Early Medieval, Romanesque, Gothic

Ambulatory: A covered walkway, especially around the apse of a church, allowing for procession.
Apse: A semi-circular or polygonal recess at the end of a church.
Atrium: An open courtyard, particularly in Roman and early Christian architecture.
Axial plan (basilica plan, longitudinal plan): A layout where the building is organized along a central axis, creating a symmetrical appearance.
Basilica: An architectural form serving various functions, adapted in early Christian buildings for worship.
Catacomb: An underground burial place, often used in early Christianity.
Central plan: A building designed around a central point, notably in Byzantine architecture.
Clerestory: High section of wall with windows above eye level, allowing light into a space.
Coffer: Sunken panel in a ceiling, adding visual depth.
Cubicula: Small chambers in catacombs, often used for individual burials.
Gospels: The first four books of the New Testament, detailing the life and teachings of Jesus.
Loculi: Niches in catacombs meant for individual graves.
Lunette: A crescent-shaped architectural space, often used for windows or reliefs.
Narthex: The entrance or lobby area of a church before entering the nave.
Nave: The central area of a church, typically extending from the entrance to the apse.
Orant figure: A figure depicted in a posture of prayer, commonly found in early Christian art.
Spolia: Reused building stone or decorative elements from previous structures, often used in new constructions.
Transept: The arm of a cross-shaped church, perpendicular to the nave, creating the overall cruciform shape.
Cathedral: A principal church of a diocese, housing the bishop's seat.
Chalice: A drinking cup, often used in religious rituals, especially the Eucharist.
Codex: An ancient manuscript in the form of a book, especially used for Christian texts.
Cornice: A decorative molding at the top of a wall.
Eucharist: A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper.
Genesis: The first book of the Bible, detailing the creation story.
Icon: A religious work of art that represents a saint, angel, or Christ, used in worship.
Iconostasis: A screen or partition with icons separating the nave from the sanctuary in Orthodox churches.

Unit 3.2: Italian Renaissance

Lamentation: Scenes illustrating the mourning of Christ, typically after the crucifixion.
Last Judgment: A common theme depicting the final judgment of souls at the end of time, typically represented by Christ at the center.
Maniera greca: Style of painting influenced by Byzantine (Greek) aesthetics during the early Renaissance.
Tempera: A fast-drying painting medium composed of colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder, often egg yolk.
Trecento: The 14th century, marked by the early Renaissance in Italy.
Bottega: An artist's workshop, particularly during the Renaissance, often where apprentices learned.
Chapter house: A building where the chapter of a monastery meets, often containing important artwork.
Humanism: A Renaissance cultural and intellectual movement emphasizing human matters and values, focusing on classical antiquity.
Madonna: Referring to depictions of the Virgin Mary, significant in Christian art.
Mullion: A vertical divider between two windows or doorways, often seen in Gothic architecture.
Orthogonal: Lines used in perspective drawing that lead towards a vanishing point.
Pilaster: A flat-column attached to a wall, often decorative.
Quattrocento: The 15th century in Italy, noted for the peak of Renaissance art and culture.
Trompe l'oeil: A painting technique that uses realistic imagery to create optical illusions.
Arcadian: A theme of pastoral beauty and simplicity, often depicted in paintings of the Renaissance.
Canvas: A durable fabric used as a surface for painting, especially popularized in the Renaissance.
Cassone: A decorative chest used in Renaissance households, often elaborately painted or carved.
Chiaroscuro: The treatment of light and shadow in drawing and painting to create depth.
Cinquecento: The 16th century in Italy, characterized by the flourishing of high Renaissance art.
Entombment: Artwork depicting the burial of Christ after the crucifixion.
Flood story: Themes depicted from Genesis relating to the biblical flood, illustrating divinity's judgment on humanity.
Genre painting: Artwork depicting scenes of everyday life, rather than religious or historical themes.
Glaze: A transparent layer of paint applied over a base color, enhancing depth and luminosity.
Ignudi: The term used for nudes located on the Sistine Chapel's ceiling, highlighting the human form.
Last Supper: The final meal of Jesus and his disciples before his crucifixion, a key subject in Renaissance art.
Sfumato: A painting technique producing soft transitions between colors and tones, often attributed to Leonardo da Vinci.
Sibyl: A female prophet or oracle, often depicted in Renaissance and Baroque art.
Still life: A genre of painting featuring inanimate objects, often arranged for artistic composition.
Altarpiece: A piece of art, often a painting or sculpture, placed behind an altar in a church.
Annunciation: The announcement of the Virgin Mary that she would conceive the Son of God, frequently depicted in Christian art.
Donor: The individual(s) commissioning a work of art, often represented in the artwork itself.
Engraving: A printmaking technique where the design is incised into a hard surface.
Etching: A printing technique involving acid to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface.
Oil paint: A medium made by mixing pigments with oil, popular in the Renaissance for its versatility and richness.
Polyptych: An artwork consisting of multiple panels, often used in altarpieces.
Diptych: A two-panel artwork, often hinged.
Triptych: A three-panel artwork, often depicting a religious theme.
Woodcut: A printmaking technique where an image is carved into a block of wood.

Unit 3.3: Italian Baroque/ Spanish/Northern Baroque, 18th, early 19th

Di sotto in su: A perspective technique where figures appear to be seen from below looking up, often used in ceiling paintings.
Genre painting: Artistic genre focusing on scenes of everyday life, depicting mundane activities or interactions.
Impasto: A technique involving the application of paint in thick layers, creating texture on the surface of the canvas.
Tenebroso/tenebrism: A style of painting characterized by stark contrast between light and dark; the use of dramatic illumination.
Vanitas: A genre of still-life painting featuring symbolic objects reflecting mortality and the transience of life.
Biombos: Screen-like folding partitions used in Spanish and Portuguese households.
Casta paintings: Artwork depicting mixed-race individuals, portraying social hierarchies in colonial Mexico.
Enconchados: A technique where shells or mother-of-pearl are incorporated into the artwork for an iridescent effect, popular in colonial Mexico.
Escudo: A decorative element used in early colonial Mexican art, often featuring religious iconography.
Mestizo: A term denoting individuals of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, often represented in artworks.
Viceroy: A regal official who runs a country, colony, or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch.
Academy: Institutions established for the promotion of the arts and artists, particularly in the 18th century.
Exemplum virtutis: "Example of virtue"; a term used to describe painting that aimed to convey moral lessons.
Fete galante: A genre of painting depicting elegantly dressed aristocrats at leisure in a picturesque setting.
Grand tour: The trip through Europe undertaken by wealthy young people, often to study art and culture.
Pastel: A medium composed of powdered pigments combined with a binder, typically used for drawing.
Salon: An exhibition of art, particularly in the 18th-century France, showcasing works of contemporary artists.
Calotype: An early photographic process that produces a negative image, allowing multiple prints to be made.
Camera obscura: An optical device that led to the development of photography; it projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen.
Caprice: A fantastical or whimsical artwork, often diverging from reality, reflecting the Romantic movement.
Daguerreotype: The first publicly announced photographic process, producing a highly detailed image on a silver-coated copper plate.
Drypoint: An intaglio printmaking technique where an image is incised into a plate.
Odalisque: A term used to depict a reclining female figure, often associated with harem scenes in Orientalist art.
Photogram: A photographic image made without a camera by placing objects directly on photosensitive paper and exposing it to light.
The Sublime: An aesthetic concept referring to greatness or beauty that inspires awe and wonder, often associated with nature.
School: Referring to a distinctive style of art associated with a specific period or geographical region.
Aquatint: An etching technique that creates tonal effects, mimicking watercolor paintings.
Avant-garde: Innovative and experimental art movements that push against the norms of conventional art.
Caricature: An exaggerated portrayal of a person or subject, often for humorous effect.
Japonisme: The influence of Japanese art and aesthetics on Western culture, particularly during the 19th century.
Lithography: A printmaking technique based on the immiscibility of oil and water, allowing the creation of images on stone.
Modernism: A broad movement in art and literature focusing on breaking away from tradition and embracing new sensibilities.
Plein-air: The practice of painting outdoors, capturing the light and atmosphere of the natural environment.
Skeleton: A term used in architecture for the structural framework of a building.
Zoopraxiscope: An early type of moving picture projector that creates the illusion of motion using a sequence of images.
Abstract: Art that does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of visual reality.
Action painting: A style of painting where the application of paint is spontaneous; associated with Abstract Expressionism.
Assemblage: A form of sculpture made by combining found objects or materials.
Biomorphism: An artistic trend derived from the shapes and contours of living organisms in nature.
Cantilever: A projecting structure supported at one end, often used in modern architectural design.
Collage: A creative art form where various materials and images are put together, often resulting in a new composition.
Color field painting: A style of abstract painting that emphasizes large blocks of color rather than details of form.
Earthwork: A type of land art produced by altering the landscape itself.
Ferroconcrete: Reinforced concrete combining steel and concrete for enhanced strength and durability in construction.
Happening: An event or performance that is often spontaneous and interactive, typically associated with performance art.
Harlem Renaissance: A cultural movement centered around Harlem, New York, noted for its simultaneous flourishing of African American art, literature, and music.
Installation: A form of contemporary art where artists create immersive environments for the audience.
Mobile: A type of kinetic sculpture, often composed of balanced elements that move with air currents.
Neoplasticism: An artistic movement that emphasized the use of geometric forms and primary colors in abstract art.
Photomontage: A collage of photographs to create a single image.
Ready-made: Art made from ordinary objects that are selected and positioned as art.
Silkscreen: A printing technique using a woven mesh to support a stencil and transfer ink onto surfaces.

Unit 4: Indigenous Americas

Ashlar masonry: Building technique using finely dressed stone blocks fitted together without the use of mortar.
Bandolier bag: A type of bag worn across the body, often decorative and used by Indigenous cultures in North America.
Chacmool: A Mesoamerican statue depicting a reclining figure, often holding a bowl for offerings.
Corbel arch: An arch formed by stacking stones in a step-like pay, often used in pre-Columbian architecture.
Coyolxauhqui: An Aztec lunar goddess, often depicted in sculpture and art.
Huitzilopochtli: The Aztec god of war and the sun, often represented in various forms of art and mythology.
Kiva: A ceremonial and religious structure used by Indigenous Pueblo cultures in North America.
Potlatch: A ceremonial feast among Indigenous groups of the Pacific Northwest, involving gift-giving and social status demonstrations.
Pueblo: A term for communal dwellings created by Indigenous peoples of the Southwestern United States.
Roof Comb: An architectural feature on top of Mesoamerican pyramids, often decorative.
Teepee: A portable dwelling used by some Indigenous cultures in North America, typically made from animal skins and wooden poles.
Tlaloc: The Aztec rain god, often depicted with distinct features in sculpture and pottery.
T’oqapu: Geometric patterns and symbols used in Inca textiles to convey meaning.
Transformation mask: Masks used in Native American ceremonies that can change shapes, often representing different spirits or identities.
Adobe: Natural building material made from earth and organic materials, frequently used in traditional architecture.

Unit 8: S,E,SE Asia

Ashlar masonry: Stone blocks that have been cut and dressed to fit together neatly, commonly used in many ancient buildings.
Bas-relief: A shallow relief where the sculpture projects slightly from the background.
Bodhisattva: A being who has attained enlightenment but delays entry into Nirvana to help others achieve enlightenment.
Buddha: The founder of Buddhism and the enlightened one, often depicted in sculpture and paintings.
Darsham: A concept in Hinduism referring to sacred sight or vision, valuable in religious practices.
Horror vacui: A term referring to the fear of empty spaces, leading to dense, intricate decoration in artworks.
Iconoclasm: The rejection or destruction of religious images or icons, often associated with certain historical periods.
Mandorla: An almond-shaped aura or halo, often surrounding sacred figures in iconography.
Mithuna: Representations of couples, often found in temple sculptures symbolizing love and fertility.
Mudra: Symbolic hand gestures used in Hindu and Buddhist art, each with specific meanings.
Nirvana: The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism, signifying liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth.
Puja: A ritual performed in Hindu and Buddhist traditions to honor deities or sacred beings.
Sakyamuni: Another name for Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha.
Shiva: A principal deity in Hinduism, known as the destroyer and transformer.
Stupa: A mound-like structure containing relics and used as a place of meditation in Buddhism.
Torana: Decorative gateways that mark the entrance to stupas or sacred sites in Buddhism.
Urna: A spiral or circular dot on the forehead of Buddhist sculptures representing spiritual insight.
Ushnisha: A topknot or bun depicted on the head of Buddha, symbolizing wisdom.
Vairocana: A cosmic buddha representing the dharma body, often depicted in Buddhist art.
Vishnu: The preserver god in Hinduism, known for maintaining cosmic order and harmony.
Wat: A Thai term for a Buddhist temple.
Yakshi: Female earth spirits worshiped in Hindu and Buddhist traditions, often associated with fertility.

Vocab Quiz 5: Unit 7 West and Central Asia (Islamic art also from unit 3)

Arabesque: Ornamental design featuring intertwined flowing lines, often employed in Islamic art.
Calligraphy: A visual art form and design based on writing; particularly important in Islamic art as a form of expression.
Hajj: The pilgrimage to Mecca, a significant religious duty in Islam.
Iwan: A vaulted space that is walled on three sides, often opening on one side, prominent in Persian architecture.
Jail: A type of architectural decoration featuring linework in Islamic art.
Kufic: An early angular form of Arabic script used predominantly in early manuscripts and inscriptions.
Mausoleum: A monumental building housing a tomb or tombs, often characterized by ornate decoration.
Mecca: The holiest city in Islam, the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad.
Medina: The second holiest city in Islam, the burial place of Prophet Muhammad.
Mihrab: A niche in the wall of a mosque indicating the direction of Mecca.
Minaret: A tall tower adjacent to a mosque, used for the call to prayer.
Minbar: A pulpit in a mosque where the Imam stands to deliver sermons.
Mosque: The place of worship for Muslims.
Muezzin: A person appointed to lead and recite the call to prayer (adhan) in a mosque.
Muhammad: The Prophet of Islam, regarded as the last prophet in Islamic tradition.
Muqarna: A form of ornamented vaulting in Islamic architecture, creating a stalactite-like appearance.
Pyxis: A small cylindrical container, often used in Islamic art to hold cosmetics or precious items.
Qiblah: The direction of the Kaaba in Mecca that Muslims face when praying.
Qur’an: The holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad.
Tessellation: A pattern made of one or more geometric shapes that fit together without gaps, often seen in Islamic art.
Voussoirs: Wedge-shaped stones used in the construction of arches.

Pacific

‘Ahu’ula: Cloaks made of feathers, typically worn by Hawaiian chiefs for ceremonial purposes.
Malagan: Ritual objects used in ceremonies involving the mourning of the dead in the Pacific culture.
Mana: A spiritual force or power residing in people, objects, or places in various Pacific cultures.
Moai: Monumental statues created by the Rapa Nui on Easter Island, representing ancestors.
Tapa: Bark cloth made in the Pacific, intricately designed and used for clothing and ceremonial events.
Wapepe: A form of traditional Pacific navigation, utilizing oceanic knowledge for seafaring.

Global Contemporary

Kitsch: Art that is considered to be in poor taste due to its overly sentimental or gaudy nature, often mass-produced.