US I Study Guide Quarter Final 4 Notes

13 Colonies & American Revolution

  • Britain controlled the 13 colonies.
  • Colonists rebelled due to taxation without representation.
  • Key events leading to the Revolution: forms of colonial protest and effects of British Navigation Laws
  • Colonists opposed British taxation/trade restrictions by boycotting British products.
  • The Quartering Act required colonists to house British soldiers.

Articles of Confederation & Constitution

  • The Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation.
  • Chronological order of events: French and Indian War → Stamp Act → Battle of Saratoga → Inauguration of George Washington.

Manifest Destiny & Westward Expansion

  • Manifest Destiny justified westward expansion.
  • The term Manifest Destiny supported westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean.
  • Westward expansion was driven by cheap land offers from the U.S. government.
    • Discovery of gold and silver caused population growth in California and western territories.
  • Native Americans were forced off their land to the west, because white settlers wanted their land.
  • President Andrew Jackson's policies led to the forced removal of Native Americans to areas west of the Mississippi River.

19th Century Reform & Industry

  • The Seneca Falls Convention (1848) focused on expanding women’s rights.
  • The Mississippi River was crucial for transporting farm goods to market.
  • The Homestead Act (1862) promoted western land development by giving free land to settlers.

Civil War

  • Lincoln's primary goal at the start of the Civil War was to preserve the Union.
  • The Underground Railroad helped slaves escape.
  • Territorial expansion led to debates over the expansion of slavery.
  • Popular sovereignty was proposed to decide on slavery in new states.
  • Election of Abraham Lincoln was a cause of the Civil War.
  • Lincoln believed sectional differences threatened the Union.
  • Secession of Southern states was the immediate result of Lincoln’s election in 1860.

Reconstruction

  • Reconstruction: military occupation, attempts to remove the President from office, constitutional revisions.
  • The 13th Amendment formally abolished slavery.
  • Events contributing to the Civil War: Publication of the Liberator, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Decision.
  • Reconstruction aimed to provide equal rights for African Americans through legislation and constitutional amendments.
  • The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments led to greater Federal supremacy.
  • The long lasting victory for civil rights achieved during Reconstruction was the ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the United States Constitution.
  • Radical Republicans wanted Reconstruction to force political and social reform in the South.
  • Southern states used poll taxes and literacy tests to prevent African Americans from voting.

Late 1800s

  • Monopolies reduce business competition.
  • Religious persecution in Eastern Europe was a push factor for immigration to the U.S.
  • Immigrants often lived in crowded tenements.
  • The Senate was heavily influenced by big business.
  • The U.S. experienced increased industrialization.
  • Trustbusting, suffrage movement, and Pure Food and Drug Act are linked to the Progressive Era.

Progressive Era

  • Jacob Riis exposed living conditions in tenements through his photographs.
  • The Progressive movement responded to industrialization and urbanization.
  • \"The Jungle\" exposed dangerous working conditions in meat packing plants.
  • The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.
  • The Progressive movement led to increased government regulation of business.

Short Answer Questions Summary

Immigration (Late 1800s):
  • Economic opportunity (jobs).
  • War in home countries.
  • Religious freedom.
Civil War (Causes):
  • Election of President Lincoln.
  • Slavery.
Reconstruction:
  • Post-Civil War period focused on protecting newly freed slaves from discrimination.
  • Efforts to reintegrate the South into the government.
  • African Americans faced continued mistreatment.
Jim Crow Segregation:
  • Racial stereotypes and discrimination against African Americans.
  • Segregation and limitations on African Americans' rights.
  • Voting restrictions like the "grandfather clause."