AP EXAM REVIEW

1200-1450 Background/Origins
- The Mongols (Tatars)
- Nomadic tribes from the steppes of Eastern Asia
- Herded livestock
- Excellent horsemen and archers
- Nomadic due to infertile soil
- Cultural Borrowing
- Adopted law code, written script, religious practices, and technology from other cultures
- Before 1200 CE
- Mongol population approximately 1.5 - 3 million
- Divided into 30 warring tribes
- 1206: Temujin (Genghis/Chinggis Khan)
- Declared Khagan, "ruler of limitless strength"
- Unified all Mongol tribes
- 1211: Mongol conquest begins
- Targeted Northern China first
  - Breached Great Wall by 1215
- Targeted the Silk Road trading cities
- Military Numbers
- 80k - 100k troops
- Talented cavalrymen and archers
- Adopted military techniques from neighbors; siege warfare
- Genghis Khan’s Heirs
- Continued the wars of conquest until 1241
- Ogodei ruled until 1241
  - Greatly expanded the empire and built a new capital at Karakorum
  - Ogodei’s armies moved further into China, threatening the Song Empire
  - Forced Korea into tributary status
- Empire Size
- Ruled an empire from Poland (West) to Korea (East) and Siberia (North) to Vietnam (South)
- Single political authority
- Economic exchange
  - Silk Road flourished
  - Merchants, Missionaries (Marco Polo)
  - Safe travel (Silk Road)
  - Legal Order Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace) used to describe the late 13th century as a brief semi-unification was realized.
  - Engaged in high-level administration (cultural adaptation)
  - The Yasa (Chinese law code)
  - Chinese paper currency
  - Buddhism and Islam
  - Uighur (Turkish dialect)
  - Used horse skills to create fast and efficient postal systems (The Yam)
- Breakup
- "One can conquer an empire on horseback, but one cannot govern it from there."
- Mongols = better at conquering than governing
- As the empire grew, it became spread too thin and broke apart
- 1260: The last Khan of a united Mongolian Empire died
- Civil War
- Split into Khanates

Yuan Dynasty

Chinese Khanate fell to Kublai Khan
- Moved the capital from Mongolia to Beijing
- Declared the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368)
- Conquered the rest of China including the rest of the Southern Song Dynasty in 1279
- Foreign rule in China
Religion and Language
- Mongols adopted Buddhism
- Mongols adopted Mandarin as their official language
Kublai Khan
- Considered the unifier of China as a single state
- Ruled until 1294
- Made China rich and powerful
- Unable to conquer Japan
- Forced neighbors to pay tribute
Kublai Khan’s Improvements
- Rebuilt China’s bureaucracy
- Repairs roads and canals
- Built new cities
- Restored trade with the west
- Venetian Merchant Marco Polo visited Kublai Khan’s courts (1270s)
After Khan’s Death
- China did not experience prosperity
  - Tremendous population loss (30-40%) due to the bubonic plague
  - Economic decline
  - Civil wars throughout the 1340s, and finally, the dynasty was overthrown by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368
  - Took name Hongwu & established the Ming dynasty (1368-1644)

Other Khanates

The Golden Horde
- Ruled over Russia and parts of eastern Europe until the mid-1400s
Il-Khan Mongols
- Converted to Islam and ruled much of the Middle East until the rise of the Ottoman Turks
Jagadai Khanate
- Ruled central Asia until 1400s
- Converted to Islam but struggled with the Il-Khans

Assimilation

Timur (Tamerlane)
- From 1370-1405 the Jagadai Khan, also known as Tamerlane, rose up and attempted to repeat the military triumph of Genghis Khan
- Quickly conquered central Asia, Persia, northern India, southern Russia, and parts of the Middle East
  - Expansion ended with his death

Trade Networks

Silk Road
- China→Europe→North Africa
- Worked best when large empires control routes
  - Rome & Han China (200s)
- Buddhism spread through merchants
  - Changed
- Downside
  - Disease spread
  - Bubonic plague
- Exchange of luxury
Indian Ocean
- Common & Luxury goods
- More room on ships for cheaper
- Predictable monsoons
- Magnetic compass, Astrolabe
- Chinese Junk ships
- Southeast Asia
  - Srivijaya Kingdom
  - Dominated trade
- Swahili
  - African merchant class developed
Trans-Saharan
- North Africa→Mediterranean World
- Arabian camel
  - Transversed Sahara
- Mali
  - Social hierarchy

Abbasid Dynasty

Capital @ Baghdad
Innovations in science, medication, technology
Credit
- Inspired trade
- Efficient

Decline of Islam

≈600: Sunni/Shia Split
Internal issues:
- Breaking away into sects
External issues:
- Conflict with Persia, Byzantium
Mongol Takeover:
- Taking of Baghdad
Ottoman Turks flee to Egypt, remained intact but powerless

Developments in Asia

Tang Dynasty
Song Dynasty
- Neo-confucianism
- Blend of Daoism/Confucianism
- Foot binding/patriarchy
Ming Dynasty
- Opened up China
- Zheng He

Japan

Feudalism
Shogun = Military Leader
Social Hierarchy:
- Shogun → Daimyo (Land Owners/Samurai) → Vassals (Lesser Lords) →Peasants & Artisans
Code of Bushido
- Similar to Code of Chivalry in EU

India

Hinduism & Buddhism
- Main religions
Islam comes along
Delhi Sultanate
- Introduced Islam in India
- Made difficult to continue Hinduism
- Effects:
  - Colleges, learning
  - Irrigation systems improve
  - Conversion to Islam
- Rajput Kingdom
  - Hindu Municipalities

1450 - 1750 Periodization

Beginning of globalization, East + West
Maritime trade increases, Mercantilism
Beginning of the European domination of power
Nomadic power dwindled, water travel & trade (Mongols)
New World labor systems; slavery in colonial empires
Gunpowder Empires' backseat, weaponry & technology

Major Developments

Atlantic Ocean trade, crossing of the Pacific
- New maritime technologies and trade patterns
Gunpowder Empires V Maritime Empires
- Europe V Asia
Reliance on slavery in Americas, Atlantic slave trade
New trade routes affected nature, migrations
Intellect; Global emergence
- Art & Philosophy

European Exploration

Profit: Increase in Maritime European Trade
Religion: Missionaries strive to spread Christianity
- Portuguese Exploration
- Indian Ocean Trade
- Technology
- Missionaries
- Spanish Exploration
- Treaty of Tordesillas
  - Divided the New World into Spanish West and Portuguese East
- Conquest of Central/South America
  - Used technological advantages and disease to maintain control of native land
- French & English
- Settle in North America
  - French: Canada & Mississippi River Valley
  - English: Eastern seaboard of NA
- Allowed great trading companies to run the colonies in North America to easier control
  - British East India Company

The Great Circuit and Columbian Exchange

The Great Circuit: Connected North America, South America, Africa, and Europe for the first time
- The globe was encompassed by
- Contact between Eastern and Western hemispheres
- New technology
- Monarchies
- Economic prosperity
Sea-based trade rising, Land-based trade rising
- Tech advancements
- Willingness for people to invest in this commerce
European kingdoms emerge as world powers
Relative power of nomadic groups
- Important role in trade

Labor Systems

North and South America, Slavery
Mita and Encomienda system
Gunpowder empires
- Islamic
- Ottoman, Mughal
- Old empires gaining power from new strength and technologies
- Military
Changes in trade, tech, and global interactions
- Crossing of Pacific, More new interactions
Maritime/Gunpowder empires
- M - Portugal, Spain, France, England
- G - Ottoman, Ming/Qing China, Mughal, Russia, Tokagawa, Songhai, Benin

Slavery

European powers relied heavily in American colonies
- Important in Trans-Atlantic trade
Demographic and environmental changes
- Altered habitats and plants
- Changed human diet
- Atlantic migrations
Cultural/Intellectual development
- Shaped by: The Renaissance, Religion, Neo-Confucianism, Art

European Exploration Context

Had to find ways to form wealth, not entirely influenced from land-based trade
Christianity spread, pushed Europe to colonize new places

Portugal

Conversion to Christianity
- 1500s
- Indian Ocean
- Forced conversion

Spain

Explorers
- Diaz, da Gama, Columbus
Treaty of Tordesillas
Hernan Cortez/Pizarro
- Defeated Aztec/Inca
1500s
Weapons: Gunpowder & Disease

Caravel & Lateen Sail & Astrolabe & Magnetic Compass

France & England

1600s-1700s
North America
English allowed trading companies to control trade

The Great Circuit & The Columbian Exchange Context

Atlantic Ocean
Old water trade routes
Europe, North America, Africa

Items

EU → America: horses, cows, pigs, wheat, barley, sugar cane, melon
- Staples of American diet
- Horses changed lives of Natives in Great Plain
- Killing advantage
Africa → America: bananas, coconuts, coffee, goats, chicken
America → EU & Africa; corn, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate

Effects

Disease, Population decrease
- Disaster for American Natives
- No immunity to devastating EU diseases
- 50% of Natives dead
Enslaved the Natives
- Did not work, Natives escaped
Imported slaves from Africa
- Trans-Atlantic slave trade
- Despite this, Africa population increased
Deforestation & depletion of the soil

Centralization of Government Context

Spain, England, France
Sea trade/voyages
1450-1750
Taxes & Fees
Control over taxes & religion
Taxes/fees
Massive Armies

Spanish Imperial Attempts

Trading colonies, traded with Asia

Absolutism V Constitutionalism

Absolutism: King with complete control

Weakening of Catholic church
Mercantilism
- Monarchs controlled trade
Bureaucracies
- Power stripped from Nobles
- England
- James I
  - Divine right of king
- Magna Carta limited power
  - 1215
- Failure after Civil War
- Spain
- Phillip II
  - Failed at conquering Europe/Uniting Iberia
- France
- Louis XIV
  - “I am the state”
  - Influenced by French Fronde
  - Formed Bureaucracy
  - Constructed Palace of Versailles
  - Secured loyalty and cooperation
  - Intendant system
  - Religious uniformity
  - Revoked Edict of Nantes
    - Religious toleration = gone
  - Wars of expansion
Power was transferred away from the people, and to the ruler
People follow king because of divine right
- Russia
- Built from the Byzantine
- Peter the Great
  - Convinced Russia had to Westernize
  - Looked towards Europe
  - No army, no navy, few warm water ports
  - Required men to not have beards…?
    - Beard tax
  - Eliminated Patriarch
  - Taxes tripled
  - Rough on lower class
  - Warm water ports
  - Military reform
  - Created infrastructure
  - Roads, communications for trade
  - Expansion of territory
  - Reorganization of bureaucracy
  - Replaced boyar elite
  - Relocation of capital
  - St. Petersburg

Constitutionalism: Power of king is limited

England & Netherlands
English Parliament
- Magna Carta
- Ivan the Terrible: Russia

Social Changes Context

Urbanization
Population growth
Bourgeoise
- Middle class separating from peasantry
Rich get richer, poor get poorer
Gender roles
- Opportunity for women increases
- Control of marriage decreases
- More rights and influence

Colonial Governments

Spain
- Gov.
- Large bureaucracy
- Social
- Peninsulares (Europeans born in Spain) → Creoles (Europeans born in America) → Mestizos (European/Amerindian)→ Mulattoes (European/African) → Slaves (Natives/African)
England
- Gov.
- Colonies rule themselves
- Social
- European —> Slaves

Ming China Context

Ming Dynasty
- Opened up China for the first time
- Took over after Mongols, restoring glory
- Internal trade
- Spices, cotton fabrics
- External trade
- Silk, porcelain
- Admiral Zheng He
- Naval expeditions; 1405-1433
  - Showed China’s power
  - Gain tribute
- Chinese junks
  - 337 ocean-going ships
- After Emperor dies, they close China up leaving the navy
- Issues
- Climate change
  - Colder, led to famine
- Nomadic invasions
  - Investing resources in defense
- Pirates
  - Disrupted Chinese trade routes
- Silk Road
  - Lost power to the increase in sea-trade
- Inept rulers
  - Emperor destroyed 32 Chinese fleet

Qing dynasty (Manchu)

Overthrew Ming
Trapping of Chinese culture
Confucian Principles
Not seen as early Chinese
Mandate of Heaven
Forbade intermarriage

Chinese contact with Europeans

Christianity from Europe came to China
European sciences
Trade between the two regions

Tokugawa Japan

Fuedalism in Japan (Daimyo = European Lords)
Brought together Japan’s lords united
Tokugawa Shogunate
Turned Japan into isolation
- Feared conquering by Europe
Strictly enforced

Gunpowder Empires Context

Regions: Asia/Middle East
Ottoman/Safavids (SW Asia), Mughals (India), Ming/Qing, Russia
Timeline: 1450-1750
Did not rely on Europe
Turkish descent
Power:
- Gained through fall of nomadic groups (Mongols)
- Kept through strong rulers
- Influenced through Islam
Issues
- Communication/Transportation
- Unable to communicate, share goods/ideas
- Warrior elite, too strong bureaucracy
- Military rulers did not listen to central government
- Rise of Europe
- Most significant Islamic Empire
- 14th century (1300s)
- Strategic control of trade routes (Dardenelles)
- Constantinople (1493)
- Gunpowder expansion

Safavid

16th century (1500s)
Ashes of other empires
Shia Muslim State
- Disliked by Ottoman and Mughal

Mughal

Muslim Empire (Replaced Dehli Sulanate)
Gunpowder expansion
Akbar the Great

Qing

Ming (Han) falls prior to rise of Qing (Manchu)
Gunpowder expansion

Conflict

Safavid V Mughal
- Religous rivalry (Sunni V Shia)
Songhai V Morocco
- Economic motives
- Gunpowder expansion

Russian Empire Context

Kievan Rus
- Relied on agriculture
- Conquered by Mongols ≈1200s
- Cut Russia off from Byzantine
1600s - 1700s
Peter the Great
- Wanted to model Russia after Europe
- Previously no contact with Europe
- Power came from Byzantine rulers
- Wanted warm water ports
- No navy, limited army, poor, lack of roads

Military reform

Offered better pay for army
Drafted peasants for soldier service

Infrastructure

Organized peasants to build roads & other services

Expansion

Gained access to warm water ports

Bureaucracy

Effective tax systems
Merit-based system (similar to China)

Capital

Moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg

African Kingdoms

Villages, diverse continent, hunt-gather societies
Syncretism: Blending of religions
North/East = Muslim; Native religions strong
Songhai
- Successor of Kingdom of Mali
- Islam was strongly supported
- Prosperous with architecture
- Downfall: No weapons, Morroccan army
Swahili City-States
- Destroyed in the 16th century
- Indian Ocean trade routes
- Vasco da Gama noticed, years later Portuguese captured or burned the city states
The Slave Trade and Slave Systems
- African Kingdoms practiced slavery
- Traded slaves to Europeans in exchange for goods
- Became a commodity

African Slave Trade

Indentured servitude
- Bound by contract to work off debt
Chattel slavery
- Treated as property
Trade to Muslim lands
- Mostly women
Trade to the Americas
- Spanish and Portuguese expeditions = governmental ventures
- Became based on private enterprise

British and Dutch Mercantilism

Joint stock company/East India Company
The Great Circuit

From Europe, carried hardware, guns, and Indian cotton→Africa
Middle passage, African slaves to New World
Carried plantation goods from colonies back to Europe

Labor Systems in the Americas

Mita
- Labor tax to support elite & elderly
- Incan system adopted by Spanish
- Similar to indentured servitude
Encomienda
- Used for agricultural work
- Natives placed under bosses
- Similar to chattel slavery

Trade Labor: Slavery

Africa

Slave trade to Europe and Middle East
South America
Readily adopted
Europeans traded goods for slaves
Used to find gold
Mita - Labor tax, natives died so often that eventually failed
Encomienda - Agricultural work, natives died, only worked until 16th century

Muslim

Received slaves from Africa in exchange for goods
- Mostly women, sent as wives / concubines
- Men sent to fight in army
Developments from Greco/Roman ideas
Americas
Plantation cotton sent to Europe
Received slaves from Africa
Triangular trade; Europe, Africa, NA
North America
Readily adopted
Europeans traded goods for slaves
Indentured servitude
- Paid in years worked

Renaissance Context

Stimulated by Crusades
Patrons
- Medici family
- Florence, Italy
Learning, Architecture

Rebirth

Resurgence of past values
- Greco/Roman ideas
Humanism
- Focuses on more human life over religious beliefs
- Reflected in art
Spreads north
Push of different view allowed for advancements in technology

People of the Renaissance

Petrarch
- “Father of the Renaissance”
Philology
Secularism
Individualism
Civic humanism
Nicolo Machiavelli
- Ruler is to preserve power and stability
- Humans are self-centered

Scientific revolution

Newton
- Created laws of gravity, laws of nature
- Church loses power/influence
Push for support of people / individual
- Inspired by Reformation

Protestant reformation

Was an important societal force in Medival Europe
- Martin Luther
Complained about the church
- Indulgence
  - Buying your sins away
- 95 Theses
Effects:
- Large parts of Europe no longer under the Catholic Church
Going into 16th century, people thought catholic church was corrupt
- Calvin’s Distinctions
Elect Predestination
- Johannes Gutenberg
Spread Protestant ideas through printing press
Allowed people to challenge authority

European Enlightenment

Frederick II (Frederick the Great)
- Prussia
- Powerful army
- Expanded territory
- 7 Years War
- Struggle influenced more humane use of power
- “I am the first servant of the state”
- Religious toleration
- Legal reforms
- Bureaucratic reform (Cameralism)
- Not power hungry
Catherine II (Catherine the Great)
- Educated with Enlightenment ideas
- Religious toleration
- Legal reforms
- Territorial expansion
- Partition of Poland
- Pugachev rebellion
- Serfs rebellion
- Increased oppression
Joseph II
- Signed Edict of Toleration
- Religious freedom for minorities
- Freedom of the press
- Strictures on the power of the Catholic Church

1750-1900 Enlightenment People

John Locke
- Natural rights
Isaac Newton
- Laws of gravity
- Challenging church through science
Martin Luther
- Protestant reformation
Immanuel Kant
- Human reason
Voltaire
- Freedom of speech
- 70 books
Thomas Hobbes
- People are greedy, selfish, cruel
- Need tyrannical rule
Rousseau
- Social contract
- Responsibility
Montesquieu
- Separation of powers

Ideas of Enlightenment

Enlightenment
- Rationalism
- Empiricism
- Extention of scientific revolution
- Shift of authority
Deism, God made everything, left
Atheism
Individualism
Natural rights (J.L)
Social contract

Impact of Enlightenment

Major revolutionary ideas
- Nationalism
- Sufferage
- Abolition of slavery
- End of serfdom
- Women’s feminism and sufferage

Atlantic Revolutions After Effects

Unique
- Regional, not global
- Connected to each other
American Revolution -- 1775-1783
- Not really a “revolution”
- Codified before the revolution began
- Impact on the French revolution
- P aspect (political)
French Revolution -- 1789-1799
- On defending country’s home soil
- Connection to the American
- Resentment of the absolute monarchy
Social Class System
- Clergy
- Nobility
- Commoners/Peasants
  Represented 90%+ of the population with 33% power
  Vast social inequality
  3rd Estate broke away
  P, E, R, S aspects
  Leaders beheaded
  Robespierre
  Executed most with guillotine
  Complete revolution
  Napoleon rise to power
  Famed military general
  Overthrew government to have him as leader
  Napoleonic codes
  Brought equality
  External advancements
  Austria, Prussia, Spain
  Dissolved HRE
  Declared himself as emperor
  Invaded Russia, Failed
  Meeting of Vienna
  Austria, Britain, Russia
  Cannot figure it out
  Napoleon returns from exile
  Defeated for the last time
  Congress of Vienna (Balance of Power)
  Original French borders
  Haitian Revolution -- 1791-1804
  Thousands of slave plantations
  French colony
  Social hierarchy
  Grand blanc; wealthy plantation owners
  Petit blanc; middle/lower class whites
  Freed people of color
  Bottom = Maroon class; slaves
  Colonists heavily outnumbered
  Slave revolt
  Toussaint L’Ouverture
  Owners killed
  France lost control
  Armies & Militias formed
  Radical revolution, slaves won
  Symbol of hope
  Had to pay France a financial burden
  Crippled economy
  Remains to this day
  Spanish American Revolutions -- 1810-1825
  Series of revolutions
  Creation of many nations
  Creoles resented authoritarian Iberians
  Did not take action until later
  Napoleon’s invasion of Iberia
  Power vacuum
  Colonies took action
  Haitian Revolution made Creoles nervous
  Enlightenment
  Nativist ideology
  United classes and racial groups
  Against Spanish
  No social revolution
  Inequality stayed in place
  Creoles dominated
  Democracy was not relevant until 20th century
  Simon Bolivar
  Military leader
  San Martin
  Argentinian independence leader
  Chila & Peru influence
  Brazil
  John VI leaves son in Brazil after leaving for Portugal
  Declared Brazilian independence
  Abolished slavery 1888
  Mexico
  Hidalgo
  Creole priest
  Executed by Spanish military, rebellion put down
  Morelos
  Hidalgo successor
  Executed, landowning class turned against him
  Spain
  1821, Treaty of Cordoba
  Neo-colonialism
  Mexican Revolution
  Rejection of dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz
  Abolition of Slavery
  Factors
  Enlightenment
  Ecomonic factors
  Protestantism
  US & England
  US Civil War
  The British
  West Indies rebellion fueled by Haitian Revolution
  Ended Slave Trade in 1807
  Emancipated slaves in 1834
  Latin America
  1840s & 1850s
  Russia
  Serfdom (peasants working land)
  Emancipated in 1861
  Resistance
  Russia & Africa
  Summary
  Colonies got tired of being used, so they revolted against their mother nations in violent ways. Some places like France saw a overhaul even though they were not a colony. The use of slavery was also phased out as colonies were focused less and less on.

CE of the Industrial Revolution Why Europe? Why Britain?

Necessity = invention
Population growth
Energy Crises
Labor Crisis
Abolition of slavery
Environmental impact
Negative
Extraction of resources
Pollution
Output of goods and services
Economic growth
Pre-industrial world
China, India, Middle East
European context
Competition
Small states
Looking for edges in innov.
State/Merchant
Global context
Asia comp.
Imported from Asia
Cheaper, better
Cost saving
Americas
Access to silver, food, land
Un predicted
Commercial society
Access to American resources
Political security
Religously tolerant
Stable system
Owners took risks
Practical science
British scientists in tune with engineers
Lucky Geography
First Industrial Society
Water
National transportation
Coal & Iron
Industrial heavy
Railroads
British Aristocracy
Landowners remained wealthy
Employed tenant farmers
Food demand strong
Decline on class power
New sources of urban wealth
[ ] Middle Classes
Upper
Industrialists, bankers, entrepreneurs
Sought social privileges
Liberal
Smaller businessmen
Belief in small gov.
Hard-Work & Self reliance
Women
Should not work
Sought work, denied
Lower
Rise
Clerks, salespeople, teachers

Laboring Class

Urbanization
City life grew
1851 majority lived in cities
Poorly planned, cramped, deadly
Working conditions
Difficult, harsh
Greedy business owners
Factory life for women and children
Paid less
Less likely to challenge order
Pushed out
Social protest
Trade Unions, 1824
Achieved legal status
Skepticism
Owens, Utopianism
Scotland, perfect life
Marx, Socialism
Radical critiques of capitalism
“Scientific analysis”
Failed to see middle class rise
Labor party, strikes
1910-1913
Rejected class struggle
Reform
Moderate
Working conditions improved
Comp. & Decline
Aging machinery

In motion

Migration
20% of Pop.
Settling colonies
Oceania
Overwhelmed natives
Africa
Racial division/superiority
Latin America
Virtue of color
US
Impelling Pull
Land & Jobs
30 million EU
Russia/Ukraine
Search of land
Diffusion
Commonalities
Production increase
Peseantry decline, middle class
rose
Variation
Industry vs social disruption
Traditional society
US & RUSSIA
Explosive growth
Post civil war
⅓ of industrial output
Unique
Pro-business gov.
Consumerism
Techniques of production
Capitalists
Heroes of National Narrative
Class conflict, weak political org.
Difficult lives, like EU
No party
Non-radical
Populists & Progressives
Rallied against financial system
Reform
No socialism
Russia
State-sponsored change
Top-down
Produced social conflicts
Too much too fast
Proletariat
Very radical
Worse living than US
Used Marxism
Revolution, repression, some reform
Uprising by workers
Limited
Lenin/Bolsheviks, 1917
Used dissatisfaction as tool

Latin America 1800s

Post-Independence L.A.
International VS Domestic
Social Structure remained
Caudillos
Military strongmen
Authoritarian
World Economy
Exports
Raw materials
Food crops
Imports
Textiles, Machinery, Weapons
Becoming like EU
Eurocentric elite
Urbanization
White
Benefits of exporting
Top 10%
Mexican Rev. (1910-1920)
Radical progressive change
American Intervention
Dependent on trading
Summary
Global innovation led to new ways of life and social reforms for the people, many nations took advantage of the situation to make profits and improve their economies.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Context

18th-century Britain
Age of Imperialism

Agricultural Revolution

New Agricultural techniques
Increased Urbanization
Enclosure
Private farming through fences
Plowing and seeding
New fertilization
Urbanization
London
Technological Innovations
Domestic system
Ineffective way of production prior
Flying shuttle
Spinning jenny
Cotton gin
Eli Whitney
Steam Engine
Steamship
Steam-powered Locomotive
Interchangeable parts
Assembly line
Economic and Social philosophies
Effects of Industrialization
Middle class created
Managers, accountants, doctors, lawyers
Rise of industrial class

Philosophers

Adam Smith
Government should be less involved in business
Laissez-faire economics
Free market (Capitalism)
Karl Marx
German Economist
Capitalism is the manipulation of the middle/working classes
Always be subordinate to elite; live in poverty
Communist Manifesto
If capitalism sticks around, working class should unite and rise

Chapter 18: Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa

Introduction to Colonialism
Definition of Colonialism:
Colonialism refers to the practice of acquiring and controlling colonies or territories, often through military conquest or settlement.
Imperialism: A broader concept that refers to the domination of one country over another, often through military, political, or economic means.
Historical Context: Industrial revolution
Mid-eighteenth century Britain
Age of Imperialism
Wanted raw materials, production
Expansion to get different resources
European colonialism can be traced