Western Civ II

Decline of Religious Influence

Religious Credibility

There was a decline in religious passions by the end of the sixteenth century.
Christianity had a weakened credibility by the seventeenth century.

Social Tensions and Witch Trials

When harvests gave rise to famines these sort of problems created social tensions aka accusing others/ trying to find someone to blame.
Many witchcraft trials took place where Protestantism had recently been victorious such as southwest Germany.

Political Developments

Monarchical Power and Civil War

The privileged classes of society remained in control.
Limited Monarchy is when a monarch's power is limited because of a law.
Tudor Dynasty ended.
King James eliminated the episcopal system of church organization (power with bishop).
King Charles wanted to rule without Parliament. This then caused a civil war in England. Then Parliament won. Then that created the New Model Army.

Legislative Changes

The Toleration Act is the right to public worshippers.

Cultural Flourishing and the Renaissance

Humanism and Patronage

Flourishing of European Culture meant that labor became more valuable.
Detraca turned to Plato/his writing helped usher the Renaissance.
Renaissance scholars focused on Humanism. Confidence in the Humanities was ideal (writing/language).
Patronage definition.

Artistic Movements

Mannerisms helped people reflect on how they truly feel.
Explain the Baroque and The Rejection. The Baroque took place 1600-1750 in Italy. Dark colors were used to depict the times. There was bling used. Churches accumulated most of the wealth.
Caravaggio made a crown for Jesus in the painting.
Bernini was a sculptor. He sculpted the ecstasy of Mother Theresa and sculpted David as very muscular and sculpted Jesus as ethereal. ALL GOLD EVERYTHING.

Scientific Advancements

Key Figures in Astronomy

Explain who Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo are.
Isaac Newton invented calculus, experimented with prisms and Laws of motion. Newton said math is the universal law and its above God's Law.

Theories of the Universe

Geocentric conception is concentric spheres with fixed earth at the center.
Nicolaus Copernicus realized that states are not at a fixed point and everything is where it should be. Copernicus said the sun was the center of the universe and was told to denounce his own works for the sake of the church.

The Thirty Years War

Overview and Impact

The thirty years war was between the Catholics and the Protestants.
The thirty years war is often called the last of religious wars.

Key Players and Outcomes

The Bourbon Dynasty belonged to France.
The Habsburg belonged to Austria as well as Spain.
It was the Habsburg vs the German Princes. Most battles were fought on German soil.
The Peace of Westphalia ensured that all German states were free to determine their own religion. The peace of westphalia ended the thirty year war.

Absolutism and Governance

Concepts of Absolutism

Absolutism gave the monarch the opportunity to deliberate on matters of the state without being affected by intrigue or pressures.
This also ensured that the judicial process was being followed.

The Role of Councils

Spain suffered tyranny from their own councils. Councils had the REAL power. Kings were dependent on the loyalty of their councils.

Philosophical Perspectives

Locke said only 2 branches were necessary and they wanted the legislative branch to be temporary.
The legislative branch makes laws only if they serve the good of the people. The government was made for the people by the people. They give power up to create an orderly society. We need order.

Historical Context of Monarchy

Changing Views of Monarchy

Friction between the monarchy and Parliament increased under the Stuart kings.
James I saw kings as God's lieutenants. Different times different viewpoints. 1600s kings and queens believed they were Gods. 1700s- kings and queens didn't believe they were Gods.

The Role of Parliament

James I needed Parliament to enact whatever he needed. Parliament is a Legislative Branch.

Philosophers: Key figures like John Locke and Voltaire emphasized reason and individualism, challenging traditional authority and advocating for civil rights. Locke's theories on government influenced modern democracy, while Voltaire's critiques of religion promoted freedom of expression.
Scientific Discoveries: The era saw significant advancements in science, with figures such as Isaac Newton, whose laws of motion and universal gravitation laid the groundwork for classical mechanics, fundamentally altering humanity's understanding of the universe.
Role of Women: Women like Émilie du Châtelet made crucial contributions to science, translating Newton's work into French and expanding on his theories, despite the societal constraints of the time.
Religion and the Inquisition: The Enlightenment also prompted challenges to religious dogma, with the Inquisition representing the resistance to new ideas. The persecution of alleged witches reflected broader societal fears and the conflict between emerging scientific thought and established religious beliefs.
Timeline of Events (Renaissance, Baroque, and Enlightenment Periods)
16th Century (1500s) – Renaissance & Early Baroque
- Population Growth: Increased food supply and warmer climate led to population expansion.
- Renaissance Humanism Flourishes: Scholars like Petrarch turn to Plato, ushering in Renaissance ideals.
- Patronage System: Artists and writers are supported by wealthy elites.
- Renaissance Art vs. Baroque: Renaissance artists aimed for perfection, while Baroque artists sought realism.
- Magic and Alchemy: Renaissance thinkers experimented with alchemy and "magic" in early scientific inquiries.
- Banking Institutions: Economic expansion fueled by the rise of banks.
Late 16th Century – Early 17th Century (Late Renaissance & Baroque Begins)
- Decline of Religious Passion: Christianity’s credibility begins to wane.
- Economic Recession (1630s-1640s): Silver imports from the Americas decline, hitting the Mediterranean economy hard.
- Witchcraft Trials: Heightened social tensions lead to widespread accusations, especially in Protestant-dominated areas like Southwest Germany.
- Struggle Between Calvinism & Catholicism: Tensions lead to the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648).
17th Century (1600s) – Baroque & Scientific Revolution
- Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648):
  - Key Players:
    - Habsburgs (Austria & Spain) vs. German Princes
    - France’s Bourbon Dynasty involved
    - Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden) joins in
  - Key Events:
    - Defenestration of Prague (1618): Protestant nobles throw Catholic officials out a window, sparking war.
    - Destruction of Magdeburg: Imperial forces devastate a German city.
    - Peace of Westphalia (1648): Ends the war; German states gain religious freedom.
- Scientific Revolution (Late 1500s–1700s):
  - Nicolaus Copernicus (1543): Heliocentric theory (Sun at the center of the universe).
  - Tycho Brahe & Johannes Kepler: Refined planetary motion theories.
  - Galileo Galilei (1609): Telescope observations confirm heliocentrism.
  - Isaac Newton (Late 1600s):
    - Calculus invention
    - Prism experiments (light spectrum)
    - Laws of Motion & Universal Gravitation
- Baroque Art & Music (1600-1750):
  - Dark, dramatic colors used to reflect turbulent times.
  - Gold and extravagance dominate (churches accumulate wealth).
  - Caravaggio: Painted Christ’s suffering.
  - Bernini: Sculpted Ecstasy of Saint Teresa & David.
  - Johann Sebastian Bach: Major composer of the time.
Late 17th Century (End of Baroque, Beginning of Enlightenment)
- English Civil War (1642-1651):
  - King Charles I vs. Parliament
  - New Model Army wins for Parliament
- Toleration Act (1689): Grants right to public worship.
- Political Thought:
  - Thomas Hobbes: Believed humans, in their natural state, had no morality or order.
  - John Locke: Advocated for natural rights (life, liberty, property).
  - Absolutism Debate:
    - James I (1600s): Saw kings as God’s lieutenants.
    - By the 1700s, monarchs no longer viewed themselves as divine.
Key Terms & Concepts
- Humanism: Focus on classical learning, language, and human potential.
- Patronage: Financial support of artists and thinkers by wealthy elites.
- Mannerism: A Renaissance art style that emphasized emotion and exaggeration.
- Baroque: Ornate, dramatic art & music (1600-1750).
- Heliocentrism: The theory that the sun is at the center of the universe.
- Geocentrism: Outdated belief that the Earth is at the center of the universe.
- Thirty Years’ War: Last major European religious war, ended by the Peace of Westphalia.
- Absolutism: Monarchs having total control, though some (e.g., Durand) argued it was a myth.
- Limited Monarchy: A monarchy constrained by law, like England’s after the Civil War.
- Legislative Branch (Locke): Exists to serve the people and should be temporary.

Scientific Revolution Persons of Interest

Directions: These are the people for the next test, complete this using your text or other sources.

Name	Findings and accomplishments
Copernicus	Nicolaus Copernicus was born in 1473 and died in 1543 He studied mathematics and astronomy at Krakow He is a native of Poland He published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres *He hoped his heliocentric (sun-centered) conception would offer a more accurate explanation of how the sun is motionless and everything revolves around it*
Kepler	Johannes Kepler was born in 1571 and died in 1630 He illustrated the narrow line that often separated magic and science in the early Scientific Revolution He was an avid astrologer He had a keen interest in Hermetic thought and mathematical magic He had a theory that the universe was constructed based on geometric figures such as the pyramid and the cube He was a brilliant mathematician and astronomer and took a post as imperial mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II He derived laws of planetary motion that confirmed the heliocentric theory He helped disprove the Ptolemaic system and people had been freed to think in new ways of the paths of planets revolving around the sun
Galileo	Galileo Galilei was born in 1564 and died in 1642 He taught mathematics at one of the most prestigious universities in Europe He was the first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a telescope *He published The Starry Messenger* in 1610 He was brought under increasing scrutiny of the Catholic Church He was found guilty of teaching the condemned Copernican system and was forced to recant his errors in 1633 His theories combine with others clearly establish the reasonableness of the Copernican model**
Newton	Issac Newton was born in the English village of Woolsthorpe in 1642 and died in 1727 He attended Cambridge University and accepted a chair in mathematics at the university He wrote his major work, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, know as the Principia He spelled out the mathematical proofs demonstrating his universal law of gravitation No one until Newton had pieced together a coherent synthesis for a new cosmology *In his first book of the Principia,* He defined the basic concepts of mechanics by elaborating the three laws of motion** He explained that every object in the universe was attracted to every other object with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them
Vesalius	Andreas Vesalius was born in 1514 and died in 1564 He received a doctorate in medicine at the University of Padua in 1536 and accepted a position there as a professor of surgery He published his masterpiece, On the Fabric of the Human Body The book deviated from traditional practice by personally dissecting a body to illustrate what he was discussing He presented a careful examination of the individual organs which wouldn’t have been possible without the artistic advances of the Renaissance He corrected Galen’s assertion that the blood vessels come from the heart not the liver
Harvey	William Harvey was born in 1578 and died in 1657 He attended Cambridge University and got his doctorate in medicine He published a book On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in 1628 *He demonstrated that the heart was the beginning point of the circulation of blood in the body* *He chose people convicted of murder for his experimental subjects and operated on them while they were still alive in order to assess organ function* *His theory of the circulation of the blood laid the foundation for modern physiology*

Cavendish	Margaret Cavendish was born in 1623 and died in 1673 She was excluded from membership in the Royal society even though she was only allowed to attend a meeting once She was especially critical of the growing belief that humans through science were the masters of nature Between 1650 and 1710, one in every seven German astronomers was a woman
Winkelman	Maria Winkelmann was born in 1670 and died in 1720 She was educated by her father and uncle and received advanced training from a local self-taught astronomer She married Gottfried Kirch and became his assistant at the astronomic observatory When her husband died she applied for a position as assistant astronomer and was denied the post by the Berlin Academy
Descartes	Renè Descartes was born in 1596 and died in 1650 His most famous work was Discourse on Method He believed the separation of the mind and matter and argued that since the mind cannot be doubted by the body and material world can the two must be radically differe Cartesian Dualism Descartes conclusions about the nature of the universe and human being had important implication He ha s been called the father of modern rationalism
Boyle	Robert Boyle was born in 1627 and died in 1691 He was one of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments He did pioneering work on the properties of gases Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it He rejected the medieval belief that all matter consisted of the same components in favor of the view that matter is composed of atoms
Lavoisier	Antione Lavoisier was born in 1742 and died in 1794 He invented a system of naming the chemical elements He is regarded by many as the founder of modern chemistry His wife was his scientific collaborator and translated the work of British chemists for him

How did the emergence of absolutism impact the seventeenth century in relation to the balance of power between monarchs and nobles. Include examples Peter the Great in comparison and contrast to Louis IXV.

Evaluate the Enlightment era in terms of its impact on science, religion, and society. Include examples of philosophers and what their scientific discovery was and their impact. When discussing scientists mention the role of women in this time period. Be certain to address the Inquisition when discussing religion. Also how this was brought about by the attack on witches.