Lec 1: intro

### Multiple Choice Questions

#### DNA Typing and Profiles

1. What is DNA typing?

- A) A process of sequencing the entire genome

- B) A method to identify individuals based on DNA characteristics

- C) A technique to measure the amount of DNA in a sample

- D) A way to determine blood type

- Correct Answer: B

2. How much DNA is typically needed for DNA typing?

- A) A single cell

- B) Several milliliters of blood

- C) A small sample, often just a few cells

- D) A full strand of DNA

- Correct Answer: C

3. How is a DNA match determined in forensic science?

- A) By comparing the entire genome

- B) By matching specific DNA profiles

- C) By sequencing the DNA

- D) By blood type comparison

- Correct Answer: B

#### Forensic DNA Analysis

4. Which DNA technologies are key in forensic analysis?

- A) STR, VNTR, RFLP, Y-chromosomal DNA, Polymerase chain reaction

- B) Blood typing and sequencing

- C) CRISPR and gene editing

- D) None of the above

- Correct Answer: A

5. What is the role of mitochondrial DNA in forensics?

- A) It is used to identify physical traits

- B) It helps distinguish individuals when nuclear DNA is not available

- C) It provides information about an individual's ancestry

- D) It is not used in forensics

- Correct Answer: B

#### The Pitchfork Case

6. What was significant about the Pitchfork case in DNA forensics?

- A) It was the first use of DNA for identification

- B) It was the first case where DNA evidence exonerated a suspect

- C) It was the first case using blood type for identification

- D) It introduced fingerprinting in forensics

- Correct Answer: B

7. Who developed the DNA testing techniques used in the Pitchfork case?

- A) James Watson

- B) Alec Jeffreys

- C) Francis Crick

- D) Richard Buckland

- Correct Answer: B

8. What was the outcome of the DNA analysis in the Pitchfork case?

- A) It matched Richard Buckland to the crimes

- B) It exonerated Richard Buckland and led to the arrest of Colin Pitchfork

- C) It failed to identify a suspect

- D) It proved both Buckland and Pitchfork were innocent

- Correct Answer: B

#### Composition and Properties of DNA

9. What percentage of the human genome contains useful information?

- A) 50-60%

- B) 10-20%

- C) 2-3%

- D) 80-90%

- Correct Answer: C

10. What are the major components of human DNA?

- A) Only coding regions

- B) Exons, introns, non-coding regions, pseudogenes

- C) Only exons and introns

- D) Coding regions and promoters only

- Correct Answer: B

11. What are telomeres?

- A) Genes coding for proteins

- B) Regulatory elements controlling gene expression

- C) Regions of repetitive DNA at the ends of chromosomes

- D) Sequences involved in gene splicing

- Correct Answer: C

#### DNA Variation and Forensic Use

12. What percentage of the human genome is estimated to consist of decayed endogenous retroviruses?

- A) <1%

- B) >50%

- C) ~8%

- D) ~22%

- Correct Answer: C

13. How do transposons and retrotransposons contribute to DNA variation?

- A) By coding for essential proteins

- B) By being mobile genetic elements that can move within the genome

- C) By serving as regulatory elements for gene expression

- D) By forming part of the telomeres

- Correct Answer: B

#### Identifying DNA Variations

14. What is a major source of DNA variation used in forensics?

- A) Identical genes

- B) Repeated elements and transposable elements

- C) Non-coding RNAs

- D) Mitochondrial RNA

- Correct Answer: B

15. Do monozygotic (identical) twins have identical DNA?

- A) Yes, they have completely identical DNA

- B) No, they have significant differences

- C) Yes, but they can have different epigenetic modifications

- D) No, they have different mitochondrial DNA

- Correct Answer: C

#### Review and Key Technologies

16. What is an STR in DNA typing?

- A) A single nucleotide polymorphism

- B) A type of restriction enzyme

- C) Short Tandem Repeat, a region of repetitive DNA

- D) A method for sequencing DNA

- Correct Answer: C

17. What does RFLP stand for in the context of DNA analysis?

- A) Repetitive Fragment Length Polymorphism

- B) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

- C) Random Fragment Length Polymorphism

- D) Regional Fragment Length Polymorphism

- Correct Answer: B

18. Which DNA technology involves amplifying DNA sequences?

- A) STR

- B) RFLP

- C) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

- D) SNP

- Correct Answer: C

### Multiple Choice Questions

#### DNA Typing Basics

1. What do you imagine when you think of DNA typing or a DNA profile?

- A) Blood type determination

- B) Fingerprinting technique

- C) A unique genetic fingerprint of an individual

- D) Gene editing process

- Correct Answer: C

2. Is DNA typing some sort of sequencing?

- A) Yes, it involves sequencing the entire genome

- B) Yes, it involves sequencing specific regions of the genome

- C) No, it is entirely different from sequencing

- D) No, it is a chemical reaction analysis

- Correct Answer: B

3. How much DNA do you need for a type?

- A) Several grams

- B) A single cell

- C) A large tissue sample

- D) A small sample, often just a few cells

- Correct Answer: D

#### From Sample to DNA Type

4. How do you go from a sample to a DNA type?

- A) By isolating and amplifying specific regions of DNA

- B) By direct observation under a microscope

- C) By measuring physical characteristics

- D) By sequencing the entire DNA strand

- Correct Answer: A

5. How do you ‘match’ DNA types?

- A) By comparing the entire genome sequences

- B) By comparing specific markers or profiles in the DNA

- C) By matching blood types

- D) By using facial recognition software

- Correct Answer: B

#### Forensic Applications and Limitations

6. How do you decide if a sample at a crime scene comes from a particular suspect?

- A) By comparing their DNA profile to the DNA found at the scene

- B) By matching their fingerprints to those at the scene

- C) By checking their alibi and witness statements

- D) By matching their blood type to the sample found

- Correct Answer: A

7. Is DNA typing infallible?

- A) Yes, it is 100% accurate

- B) No, there are potential errors and limitations

- C) Yes, but only when performed by experts

- D) No, it is purely theoretical

- Correct Answer: B

8. If not infallible, in what way can DNA typing be fallible?

- A) Misinterpretation of results

- B) Contamination of samples

- C) Errors in DNA amplification or analysis

- D) All of the above

- Correct Answer: D

#### Limits of DNA Typing

9. What are the limits of what we can say from a DNA type?

- A) It can provide a precise time of when the sample was left

- B) It can determine exact physical appearance

- C) It can indicate a probabilistic match rather than absolute certainty

- D) It can provide complete health history of an individual

- Correct Answer: C

#### Key Concepts in DNA Forensics

10. How is DNA useful in forensic settings?

- A) It helps identify individuals with high accuracy

- B) It provides detailed health information

- C) It is used to determine the age of the suspect

- D) It can predict future behaviors

- Correct Answer: A

11. How does DNA differ from other biological samples in forensic analysis?

- A) It is unique to each individual

- B) It can be easily contaminated

- C) It degrades quickly in most environments

- D) It is less reliable than other biological samples

- Correct Answer: A

12. What confidence can we place on DNA matches and misses?

- A) 100% certainty for all cases

- B) High confidence with some possibility of error

- C) Only approximate matches can be determined

- D) Confidence varies greatly and is usually low

- Correct Answer: B

13. What are some key technologies used in DNA typing?

- A) STR, VNTR, RFLP, Y-chromosomal DNA, Polymerase Chain Reaction

- B) CRISPR and gene editing

- C) Blood typing and sequencing

- D) Immunohistochemistry and microscopy

- Correct Answer: A