world geo unit 3
make a study guide based on the following:
unit 3.1
Material vs Non Material Culture
1 Material culture is anything physically created by the culture.
2 Large Physical objects (such as buildings and terraforming become part of the region's cultural landscape)
3 Non-Material culture is culture that is not a physical object.
4 It consists of the rules, norms, beliefs, attitudes and gestures.
5 Cultures could share material culture but not non-material culture.
6 When one culture takes on material culture without their non-material culture it is appropriation. When they take on non material culture it is adaptation or emulation. When they take both it is Adoption
Most of the world shares the same Material Culture when it comes to business, however the rules surrounding business are completely different.
"Give us this day our daily bread" doesn't make much sense if your culture mostly eats rice.
What does your grandest buildings say about you? Do you have acccess to large sturdy marble, do you build out of adobe to protect from the hot sun? Do you have thick sturdy hardwoods that keep out the cold, do you have the industry to make large brick structures or do you build low and sturdy to protect from eathqua
Environment and Material Culture
1 Material culture reflects the environment its created in.
2 Local animals, crops, and weather will be used as symbols
3 Most holidays and festivals will be built around your environment's agricultural cycle.
1 Every culture in the temperate climate has Summer, Spring, Fall, and Winter festivals
4 Valuable items are ones that are plentiful enough to be known about but rare enough to be only available in small quantities
5 Clothing and Buildings will reflect the realities of the environment, as well as access to materials.
Environment and Non-Material Culture
1 Harshness of the environment will impact norms and values (Extreme environments are stricter)
1 Harsher environments emphasize skill and discipline, friendlier environments appreciate quantity.
2 Scarcity encourages tradition, abundance innovation
2 Cultures that regularly interact with outsiders will have robust traditions on the treatment of guests and foreigners.
3 Rural and Pastoral cultures are more hierarchic, while cities will often be more individualistic and egalitarian.
4 Environments with a larger carrying capacity will have more organization and complexity as they can support larger human settlements.
1 Small villages produce warriors and bands, large cities make armies and generals.
5 If there is more nuance, that means that they see it more often. If they don't have a rule for it, it doesn't happen very often.
6 The larger a community is, the less trustful they become, and the more likely to break into smaller communities.
Revealing Characteristics
1 Use the material culture to help identify location and time period
2 Material Culture can show wealth and contact with other groups
1 Mass-produced or standardized objects show high levels of organization (or access to cultures with high levels of organization)
3 Non-Material culture can show how traditional and hierarchic a culture is.
4 Militaristic cultures emphasize honor, mercantile cultures emphasize "Cleverness"
5 Material and Nonmaterial culture can show what occupations a society has, prioritizes, and disdains.
A Bilingual pamphlet shows that a region has enough people that speak another language to make this a regular practice as well as an organization capable of producing the form. That means that they are an organized multicultural society.
TEA Short Answers
Different schools use different Acronyms, but they all mean the same thing.
T - Thesis, this is your answer
E - Evidence - Cite, paraphrase, quote or reference the text or image that proves your point.
A - Analysis connect how the evidence actually proves your point.
The A section is the most important for actually proving your point.
Forgetting the E renders the answer useless.
I'm partial to APE
Answer |Proof |Explanation
remember if you have multiple Short answers to not let them contradict each other (APE must not kill APE)
unit3.2
Notes
Indexes and Development
1 UN HDI stands for United Nations Human Development Index
2 It is a number from 0-1 to show development.
3 It is based on certain "indexes" or markers
1 Life Expectancy: How long is someone expected to live
2 Infant Mortality: Number of children who die before age 1
3 Education Expectancy: How many years of education are available
4 Years of Schooling: How many years actually met
5 Income Per Capita - what is each person's "Share" of the Collective economy.
Development and Underdevelopment
1 When we discuss "development" we are speaking about the welfare of the people
2 It is different from "wealth" though wealth is a part of development.
3 To measure "development" The UN uses Income, as well as indexes that try to measure health and education.
4 Development also includes technological access such as advanced technology and the infrastructure to support it.
5 Developed areas have the highest levels of these "Good things," Developing countries and underdeveloped countries lack these things.
A telephone pole in HCMC, Vietnam. Vietnam is a developing nation and lacks much of the infrastructure and planning enjoyed by The US. The result is attempts to make the new technology work with old systems.
Development Levels and Changes
1 Development Level 0 is to be a Hunter-Gatherer Society. (This is not recorded)
2 HDI below <.45 is considered Low development. This would be "Pre-Industrial Levels" and the region lacks basic functions of a modern society (Schools, infrastructure, healthcare).
1 Incidentally this also means that "Mighty" Ancient Civilizations like Rome and Chinese Empires would all be considered Underdeveloped.
3 Higher than 8 is a highly developed nation and offers the best standard of living available. (Perhaps too good?)
4 Generally speaking a country's development will go UP as countries continue to grow. Development drops during a civil war or disaster
Development Levels
Click on the Dropdowns below to see examples of The Different levels of Development. Comparing Modern Nations with when the US was at a similar development level.
Development Levels of US and UK based on this Article. All Top pictures are street views of New York City. (First one is from a movie)
Source For US Education Statistics
Low Development
<.55
Medium Development
.55 - .7
High Development
.7 - .8
Very High Development
.8 - 1
Most of the population of Haiti is based on small subsistence farmers. These farmers grow Yucca, potatoes, maize, and rice to feed themselves.
You might not think of them as such, but a pastoral nomad is practicing a form of commerical agriculture. While he is eating and using his animals, the additional animals created will be sold to cities and towns,
In the Turkic world a Broke man is "qoy emas" or "I have not even a sheep"
Industries and Development
1 Not all jobs bring the same amount of wealth. And so jobs that produce greater surplus wealth for more people encourage development.
2 Subsistence Agriculture is the lowest level of Development, which means the people have barely enough to sustain themselves. Usually considered Underdeveloped.
3 Extractive Economies like mining and fishing usually require little infrastructure, but also produce little wealth.
4 Rural Areas focused on Commerical Agriculture will produce more wealth, but also require infrastructure like irrigation and transportation
5 Industrial economies are based around the manufacturing of goods. They require large dense populations and good infrastructure. Service economies are built around intellectual and physical services. These did not exist until 20th century technology made them possible.
Elite and Technology
1 Specialization is the ability to focus on one thing and become better at it.
2 The Elite are the leaders and decision makers of a society.
3 Elite include not only political elite, but economic and social elite.
4 The Elite of society are "Professional decision makers" and as such require other industries to support their governance.
5 A sign of a larger and more developed country can (But not always) support more elite members of society.
6 Technology allows work to be more efficient, and organize larger groups and a society becomes more specialized as they develop. This in turn allows for a larger number of educated elite to manage this society.
The City of Detroit Michigan was, at one point, one of the largest and wealthiest citties in The US. Thanks to the wealth comming from the Automotive industry, Detroit could support a large elite population as well as specialized service industries like the fine arts, music (MOTOWN), and large shops. As the city deindustrialized the city fell into decay and these service sectors were abandoned.
How does Site impact Development?
1 Access to mineral wealth is important, but it actually doesn't help with development. Extractive economies tend to be very very poor.
2 Access to natural resources like arable land will allow for a rural economy, which encourages more development.
3 Good Arable land increases the carrying capacity of a region which enables it to hold more people.
4 Having access to a waterway such as a navigable river and harbor is important, but depends on situation
How does Situation Impact Development
1 Industrial Economies and Commercial Agriculture don't build for themselves. They are producing for export.
2 So industrializing is dependent on Situation.
3 Without massive investments in transportation infrastructure (Like Trains, Canals, and Highways) landlocked areas don't develop industry beyond artisans.
4 Navigable rivers and waterways enable large amounts of goods to be carried efficiently. This is critical for industry.
5 If waterways allow a region access to the goods they need to industrialize
Western Pennsylvania and West Virginia have similar characteristics of site and similar Human Characteristics.
However PA has one of the Highest US HDIs and WV one of the Lowest
What does West Pa have that W Va doesn't?
The Great Lakes.
Because The Great Lakes work as freshwater oceans, PA can benefit from movement of coal and Iron inside the Region of PA, and develop large industries for export.
The Mountains of West Virginia make this difficult, and as such it is stuck.
unit 3.3
Secondary Sources
1 Secondary sources are sources that use primary sources.
1 They are history books, research papers, maps, charts, graphs, documentaries, and other scholary works.
2 When you write a history paper you are making a secondary source.
2 While it is tempting to think "primary sources are better" because they are "from the time period" Secondary sources are useful for synthesis. context, and citation.
3 Why context? A primary source may know something is happening, but they often do not know how, why, or what comes next. Pliny did not know for instance that he was in the midst of a volcano, but those looking at his work later did.
4 Why synthesis? Secondary sources will gather together multiple resources together to complete and tell a full story.
5 Why Citation? Citation is more than just an "insurance policy" against plagiarism. Citing the work you used makes the research you found accessible to others.
A simple map like this that shows the GDP per Capita of Rome requires scholars to painstakingly compile thousands of primary sources like trade contracts, tax records, and receipts to determine how much things costed and how much money people had.
Sciapods, Cyclopses, Dicephalae, Blemmaye, and Cynocephali were all creaters that were believed to exist thanks to the historical writings of Herodotus. Herodotus had never been to the regions where these people existed, but he was told they did.
Primary Sources and Literacy
1 Since the 1700s because literacy is now widespread, primary sources can include sources from all sorts of people, from poor soliders, to reporters, to random teenagers.
2 Its important to remember for most of human history, very few people knew how to read. So primary sources were usually a reflection of Elite Culture.
3 Many primary sources were actually propaganda as the source makers (government officials) were usually commissioned to create the work.
4 Primary sources are also going to be limited by the bias and knowledge of the time.
5 The more developed a region is the more written primary sources will be availible.
Mediums and Primary Sources
1 When reading primary sources consider the medium, author, and audience.
1 Medium: how was the source created, and does it follow a type of convention.
1 For example: was it written on papyrus, was it a wall mural? was it part of a book?
2 An epitaph (tombstone writing) is going to have a different purpose than a receipt will.
3 Fiction still has a use, but needs to be treated differently than non-fiction.
1 How is fiction useful in history? Fiction will tell us about the clothes, food, culture, issues, and values of a culture.
2 Comedies in particular will tell you a lot about what the current issues of the day are, because jokes are usually built around people's concerns and everyday stereotypes
2 An author will have his or her own bias, as well as the bias based on what resources are availible to him
3 The Audience will reveal what background information is known as well as what the author's purpose in telling this to them.
"A Star is Born" is a hollywood film about an older, struggling, performer falling in love with the young rising star who is replacing him. It has also been made and remade four times.
First in 1937, then in 1954, then again in 1976, and finally again in 2018.
For those studying history and american culture this is useful as it shows us the following information for each time perod:
+Who would someone "traditionally famous" be
+What was considered the "rising" or "growing trend?
+What hair styles and fashion were popular at the time?
+What was considered "outdated and oldfashioned?"
+What was considered attractive
Primary Sources and Elite Culture
▪ Elite culture refers to the norms and actions of the "elite" (society's descision makers)
▪ Most written primary sources from antiquity are going to represent elite culture as they would be the ones literate at the time.
▪ Elite Culture Primary sources are usually more formalized with official language and structures.
▪ Elite made culture to an elite audience would be things like letters, journals, treatise's
▪ Elite made to a common audience would be decrees and propaganda
▪ Elite Culture Sources are often going to be of higher quality materials and will also show better access to knowledge of different cultures.
Primary Sources and Folk Culture
▪ Folk Culture in antiquity is often found only in archeology through the artifacts they left behind.
▪ Some evidence of folk culture is found through unofficial and ad hoc art such as graffitti, and left behind artifacts.
▪ Folk Culture art will usually be rooted in local stories and practices rather than the exotic and far away
On the Left an example of Roman Elite Culture for both tombs and wall art. The top shows a wealthy roman's Sarcophogus (Coffin) the second shows a Mural to the "Dining Room" in Pompeii. On the left you see a sarcophogus in "Plebian Style" and an example of Roman Graffiti
unit 3.4
Sectors and Economies?
1 Economic is the study of the distribution of wealth
1 Wealth is not money (though money can be wealth), wealth anything that can be exchanged and perceived to hold value
2 Distribution refers how things are spread out or concentrated.
2 The "Economy" is the collective movement of goods and services in a region. It is the body of wealth.
3 When we are talking about "The Economy" we are speaking about all of the purchases business, industries, companies, consumers and products that are created and consumed in a region.
4 A sector is a "part" of the economy. If we are treating the economy as a body, then a sector is an organ.
5 If we talk about "An Economy" (Like an extractive economy or service economy) we are talking about a "Type" of economy, or an economy's personality. This economy focuses on a specific sector of the economy. An economy rarely can have just one sector.
The Parts of an Economy
1 All economies have a Primary Sector, Secondary Sector, and Tertiary Sector.
2 You always need more from the bottom to support the upper tiers of the economy.
3 The 4th and 5th Sector are Managers, directors, Elders, and leaders. "The boss sector"
4 Primary Sector is harvesting natural resources. Vital but is often poorer than other sectors.
5 Secondary sector creates a manufactured product (either a good or part of a good)
6 Tertiary does not provide a product, but instead provides talent, labor, and skill for a customer.
Modern Economies and Development
1 All economies need primary and secondary sectors to function, even if it is not present at site.
2 Size of secondary sector will be dependent on situation. As your ability to mass produce hinges on your ability to export.
3 Primitive economies will have larger primary sector employees because they are more inefficient (need more manpower).
4 Extractive economies and rural economies often require minimal infrastructure, and so they will be under developed.
5 The Jump from Agricultural to Industrial will result in a massive jump in development as an industrial economy provides (relatively) high paying jobs in central locations to provide services to.
[Warlord] in The Congo told a journalist. "In Zaire, a rebellion was easy: all you needed was $10,000 dollars and a satelite phone. While this was obviously poetic exaggeration, he went on to explain that in Zaire, everyone was so poor that with $10,000 you could hire yourself a small army. And the phone?...Natural Resources. In order to strike deals with resource extraction companies." - Paul Collier "The Bottom Billion"
Distribution vs Redistribution
1 Distribution refers to how resources (or in the case of economics - wealth) is concentrated.
1 Who has it? Where do they have it? Why do they have it.
2 Redistribution is when distributed wealth is collected by a central authority (church, gov, org?) and then given out again.
3 Taxation is a form of redistribution as it is collected by the government then given back to different people in the form of welfare, infrastructure, and corruption
4 Planned economies will have more centralized distribution, with communist states (in theory) owning all wealth in the region and redistributing it "equally"
1 While communism is a relatively new and unsuccessful ideology, there have been successful centrally planned, redistributive societies in history. They are almost always highly religious societies like the Mennonites, Jewish Kibbutzes, and Monasteries/convents.
5 A "free market" society will insist that the wealth is held by the people themselves which they can do with as they wish.
The Palace Economy
A form of "Primitive communism" practiced by Bronze age societies like Ancient Egypt and The Minoans.
There is no "money" in a palace economy, the source of wealth is in food and necessary materials (like wool or bricks)
In a palace economy, the "King" owned all of the food and supplies which are kept in graneries and warehouses.
The King would collect these goods, store them, and then "pay" the people through feasts or rations.
Supporting Complex Economies
More complex economies are larger economies.
Larger economies allow for more specialization
A large service sector means there are resources in abundance created by primary and secondary sectors.
Lower sectors require either more unskilled laborers or fewer highly efficient laberors and infrastructure.
The more unskilled labor your economy is based on, the poorer it is.
A Shadow economy (The market of illicit, undocumented activities) will actively undermine the ability for the economy to function. These two are in competition with each other.
unit 3.5
Speicalization
1 Around the end of the Lower Paleolithic/Upper Paleolithic we see "specialization." Rather than every family doing their own hunting, tool-making, cooking, we begin to see one group specialize in one of those aspects. Major Paleolithic sites include "industries" where stone tools have been found.
2 Specialization makes expertise: by specializing in one thing, a group can focus on developing the most efficient form of it, whether that is the cheapest, the highest quality, or the most advanced.
3 Specialization encourages inter-dependency: The guy who makes stone tools still has to eat, and the hunter needs stone tools. This encourages cooperation and forms the basis of trade.
4 Specialization begets more specialization: as a specialized industry grows it will also become even more specialized. Creating new jobs focusing on different aspects of the job (such as a manager/overseer/or even janitor)
The palace at Knossos. Knossos was one of the main cities in the Minoan civilization. The Minoans functioned through a palace economy where the king controlled all aspects of the societies economy. The Mnoans collapsed some time in the intermediate bronze age and were replaced by the myceneans.
Specialization and Civilization
1 The more complex a society grows the greater need for specialists. Which in turn creates hierarchies.
2 The very first settled communities show few hierarchies outside of familial or tribal hierarchies.
3 The First Bronze Age Cities were "Command Economies" (Called palace or Temple economies). These were run like a big family or house, where the King protected the city and controlled all of the resources.
4 As societies advanced (Intermediate Bronze Age) they became more specialized. New specializations: merchants, sailors, and scribes lead to more complex organizations.
5 Arts and Artisans flourished specializing in their techniques making simple cheap material (clay pots, plant dyes) into valuable trade goods.
6 Specializing in agriculture allowed for better crop yeilds and specialized crops, leading to greater resources availible.
The World as a Functional Region
1 Formal regions are based on consensus, while functional regions are based on activity.
2 Overtime as Functional regions become more useful to understand reality than formal regions, the formal regions change.
3 Most of human activity is centered around specific nodes. Where these nodes are is based on history, site, situation, resources, and technology.
4 The hinterlands will change to adapt to the node, becoming specialists for the node.
5 As these nodes expand their reach (based on the geographic and technological limits) they interact with each other.
6 When these nodes are plentiful enough to cover a portion of the ecumene it creates a "world system" where the trade and cultural interactions are organized as one single process. Making the entire world one large functional region.
Top: Myanmar protest against military coup:
Right: Arab Spring protest in Tunisia
Bottom: Thai anti-monarchist Protest
Example of Interdependence: The Rust Belt
Michigan made Steel Cars,
Pennsylvania & NY made steel for the cars,
Ohio made Tires for the Cars,
Wisconsin Made the Tools for the factories.
West Virginia made the coal to power them all. When the US switched to buying Aluminum cars from Japan all five economies collapsed.
Fort Worth's most important industries were food production and cattle drive. However as technology changed these were abandoned in favor of Aerospace and DFW airport. Leaving the old stockyards and grain silos as historic curiosities.
Why are all of these local protest signs against the local government in English?
Globalization and Its Discontents
1 As globalization spreads more regions become linked into this world system that then specializes them further.
2 An unintended (sometimes) consequence of this is the loss of local culture, local traditions, and practices. Local accents, and artisanry is replaced by the mass exported good. Local children know nothing about their hometown but everything about Los Angeles. The village tailor is replaced by the local walmart.
3 Increased specialization can also lead to increased vulnerability as a local economy is now dependent on what they specialize in.
4 Interconnectedness brings with it, widespread diffusion. Foreign peoples, goods, and ideas can reach from one end of the world system to another. This isn't always a good thing. Things that can both help and harm a society will make their way across.
Almost every single major epidemic in human history, from The Antoinine Plague in Classical Rome, to The Black Death in Europe, Smallpox in the Americas, Spanish Swine Flu, or Covid19 have occurred during periods of globalization and interconnectedness.
Top: Notable Russian Rapper FACE. Below: Samartism a movement in 17th century poland to take on a more Central Asian aesthetic
Appropriation, Adoption and globalization
1 Globalization leads to a widespread diffusion of people goods, and ideas. Usually in that order.
2 That means that how an object is used usually doesnt make it over before the object itself. Or the context in which the object is used doesn't make sense.
3 Appropriation is when an object from another culture is taken over by a different one. Sometimes not even close to how it was origionally supposed to be used.
4 Foreign ideas can also be adopted by another culture leading to changes in the culture.
5 Cultures that are part of a world system are forced to adapt to the changes in that society. That usually means either adopting certain foreign ideas or reacting against them. A localist backlash is common in globalized systems as it begins to crystalize how people see themselves (ie not like those people)
Meiji restoration Japan, saw many japanese nobility taking on European style clothing.
Roman era wall mural depicting Egyptian gods and sphinxes
Globalization is Unequal
1 Globalization follows the rules of friction and distance decay
2 Areas too far away from the cultural hearths will usually see very little diffusion or an outdated version of the culture.
1 This is why colonies are usually different from the motherlands
3 Regions with difficult terrain such as mountains and deserts are insulated from globalization.
4 Maritime and Land Chokepoints will also restrict the flow of people goods and ideas leading to distortions.
The Armenians (in the Caucasus) have been a part of every single world system since the Bronze Age, and yet have maintained their own language and cultural traditions. This is because the mountains they live in have insulated them from many changes.
By contrast The Levant has been settled and resettled, conquered and reconquered throughout human history, it has radically changed with pockets of past events remaining in its cultural history.
Globalization is Technologically Dependent
1 Technology and infrastructure determines how far the world system can expand to.
2 Technology and infrastructure also "Weighs" diffusion where certain terrain and natural resources are favored over others.
1 This can cause some areas that benefitted from a past world system will fall by the wayside in the future.
3 If it is too dependent on technology and infrastructure it can quickly unravel should something happen to that infrastructure.
Central Asia has been the nexus of multiple world systems in the past From the bronze age to the early modern. That changed during the Modern age when maritime travel replaced overland trade. When that happened Central Asia fell into obscurity. Though that may be changing.