The English Civil War & Glorious Revolution
The English Civil War & Glorious Revolution
Clark APUSH, Fall 2023
Page 2: Charles I of England
Background
Son of James I and Anne of Denmark; ascended the throne in 1625.
Shy, reserved, and deeply religious; believed in divine right of kings.
Married Henrietta Maria of France, a Catholic.
Page 3: Charles I's Challenges
Court and Parliament Relations
Best friend and influential courtier: George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, unpopular with Parliament.
Ongoing expensive war with Spain.
High Church beliefs alienated Puritans.
Sought money from Parliament, which he struggled to obtain.
Page 4: Tensions with Parliament
Parliamentary Actions
Impeachment attempt of Buckingham due to failed naval expedition.
Charles dissolves Parliament in June 1626.
Imposed a forced loan, declared illegal; arrests of dissenters followed.
Parliament's Petition of Right (March 1628) included:
No imprisonment without cause.
No quartering of soldiers.
No martial law in peacetime.
No taxes without Parliament's consent.
Page 5: Charles I's Rule
Response to the Petition
Agreed to the Petition of Right.
Assassination of Buckingham in March 1628.
Charles adjourns Parliament in January 1629, refusing to call it for 11 years.
Makes peace with France and Spain; continues to levy "ship money."
Attempts to impose a new prayer book on Scotland, leading to the first Bishops’ War.
Page 7: Civil War Erupts
Summoning Parliament
Charles calls the Short Parliament in April 1640; refuses to address grievances.
Dissolves Parliament after failing to secure funds for the Scottish conflict.
The Long Parliament is called due to Scottish insistence.
Faces rebellion in Ireland; decides to go to war against Parliament in 1642.
Page 8: The Civil War
Conflict Dynamics
Royalists (Cavaliers) vs. Parliamentary forces (Roundheads).
Parliamentary forces supported by Scottish Presbyterians, led by Oliver Cromwell.
Charles temporarily gains Scottish support by establishing Presbyterianism.
Charles is captured and executed on January 30, 1649.
Page 9: The Protectorate/Interregnum
Cromwell's Rule
Rump Parliament declares a republic in 1659.
Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector in 1653 with goals of national healing and moral reform.
His regime faces unpopularity and royalist uprisings.
Engaged in warfare with Spain and invaded Jamaica.
Instituted strict moral reforms but allowed religious toleration.
Page 10: Parliamentary Reforms
Key Changes
Established checks and balances.
Mandatory calling of Parliament every three years.
460 elected members with guaranteed minimum terms.
Executive power held by a Council of State.
Liberty of conscience for most Protestants.
Page 11: End of the Protectorate/Restoration
Cromwell's Death and Aftermath
Cromwell dies in 1658; succeeded by son Richard.
Richard struggles to manage Parliament and the army; loses power in 1659.
Restoration of monarchy with Charles II; lifts strict reforms and restores the Church of England.
Faces challenges including the Plague and the Great Fire of London.
Page 12: Rule of James II
James II's Reign
Ascends the throne at age 51; defeats Duke of Monmouth in 1685.
Attempts to grant civic equality to Catholics and dissenters.
Issues Declaration of Indulgence for religious toleration.
Panic in Parliament leads to invitation for William of Orange to invade.
Page 13: The Glorious Revolution
Transition of Power
James II flees to France after losing support.
William and Mary accept a Bill of Rights from Parliament.
Establishes frequent parliaments, free elections, and parliamentary privilege.
Prohibits Catholic monarchy; marks the beginning of a constitutional monarchy.
Page 14: Major Takeaways
Long-term Impacts
Leads to the Hanoverian dynasty.
Significant power shift from monarchy to Parliament.
Expansion of the electorate and increased public power.
Template for the American Revolution; influences colonial governance.
Sir Edmund Andros' unpopular rule in the colonies leads to