APES Study Guide Unit 6A - Nonrenewable Energy

APES Study Guide

Unit 6A - Nonrenewable Energy 

1. Know the following terms:

   1. Aerobic:with oxygen 

   2. Anaerobic:without oxygen

   3. Nonrenewable energy:an energy source that has a finite supply

   4. Renewable energy:supplies of energy that are infinite 

   5. Cogeneration:combined heat and power(using electricity and heat to power and building or industrial process)  

   6. Fusion: the sun

   7. Fission:splitting the nucleus of an atom(atom bomb/nuclear energy)

   8. Meltdown:incidents that occur at nuclear reactors in which the fuel overheats and melts the core reactor

   9. Thermal pollution:the changing of the temperature in natural bodies of water by human influence(causing oxygen levels to drop and kill wildlife in the water)

   10. Reserves:the amount of fuel that is technically and economically feasible that remove under current conditions

   11. Fracking:process that uses pressurized water and chemicals to fracture rock layers and release petroleum and natural gas

   12. Anthracite:the highest concentration of carbon densest form of coal

   13. Bituminous:a degraded potroum that forms when petroleum migrates to the surface of the earth and is modified by bacteria 

   14. Lignite:the lowest grade of coal with the lowest concentration of carbon.

   15. Peat:partially decayed plant matter(source for coal)

2. Know:

   1. Advantages and disadvantages of:

      1. Coal:

pros:

• energy dense plentiful provides heat to industrial process and electricity generation low cost mining,

•  efficient to transport 

cons

• tailings have environmental consequences

•  subsurface mining is dangerous and expensive 

• release sulfur hg pb As

2. Oil:Pros:

• liquid from in easy to use and transport 

• energy dense 

• cleaner burning than coal

•  ideal fuel for mobile combustion engines

•  produces only 85% as much carbon dioxide as coal cons:contains sulfur and other trace metals

3. Natura:l pros:

• gas:extensive pipeline system,

•  fewer impurities than coal or oil, 

• almost zero sulfide peroxide,

• only release 60% as much carbon dioxide as coal 

Cons:

• methane can be released that is 25% more potent than carbon dioxide,

•  extraction sites cause habitat loss

• , fracking can contaminate water table

• ,water used for fracking is contaminated instead of being used for home use

4. Fracking  cons:

• extraction sites cause habitat loss, 

• fracking can contaminate water table,

• water used for fracking is contaminated instead of being used for home use

5. Nuclear: Pros: no air pollution produced,

• Allows for energy independence if fossil fuels are scarce for countries,

• little to no greenhouse gasses produced by power plant

 Cons:

• high expense to build power plant, 

• uncertainty of nuclear waste and storage of waste, 

• extremely dangerous to operate a nuclear power plant

2. The major energy sources used in the world today:oil

3. The role of fossil fuels in the production of energy: they are used to generate heat to produce steam that then produces energy.or directly used to power vehicles

4. Conditions needed for peat to form:water logging lack of oxygen and nutrients, high acidity with low temperature 

5. Conditions needed for coal to form:time increasing pressure and heat

6. Order of grades of coal from lowest energy content to highest energy content:lignite, Subbituminous, Bituminous, Anthracite

7. Anthracite is the highest grade of coal and is often used for domestic heating

8. Which countries have the largest coal reserves:united states

9. Where in the U.S. there are lots of coal mines:alaska arizona colorado 

10. Why the use of coal has been decreasing:cheaper cleaner and more efficient alternatives have presented themselves like natural gas

11. Conditions needed for oil to form

• Dead organic material rest on the ocean floor faster than it can decay

• Sediments are buried at the right depth for pressure and heat to convert the material into oil

• Oil collects in limestone or sandstone covered by an impermeable layer

12. That oil and gas need a rock layer porous and permeable enough for the oil and gas to accumulate in order to form a deposit

13. Oil and gas deposits accumulate under rock layers with little to no permeability

14. Which region in the world has been the  largest exporter of petroleum for the last 4 decades

15. Why oil use has increased

16. How fracking fluid is used to access oil and natural gas during the fracking process

17. A negative geologic effect in an area where fracking occurs

18. The fuel used in nuclear power

19. Why nuclear energy is considered nonrenewable

20. Steps necessary to generate electricity from nuclear power

21. Where heat is produced in a diagram of a nuclear power plant

22. The impact of releasing the coolant water from a nuclear power plant into the environment will have on water quality

23. Where radiation comes from at a power plant during a nuclear meltdown

24. Where high level and low radioactive waste is stored

3. Be able to:

   1. Calculate percent

   2. Calculate percent increase

   3. Calculate the fraction of parent material remaining from radioactive decay

   4. Calculate the half life of radioactive waste

   5. Calculate the half life from a graph

   6. Read a map

   7. Read a chart

   8. Read a graph