CHEMISTRY

Ch 1

1.1 - intro to chemistry

chemistry - study of composition matter and the changes they undergo.

  • a chemist is someone who studies chemistry

  • they use two worlds of chemistry: macroscopic and microscopic

macroscopic - substances that can be physically seen, touched, measured

microscopic - referring to small particles that make matter

*chemists must observe matter and do experiments macroscopically world and then use their observations to make generalizations and propose microscopic explanations

Fields of Chemistry

types of chemistry

  • pure chemistry - emphasis on theory and how matter changes in a chemical process

  • applied chemistry - directed to a specific goal or application irl

there are 5 main disciplines of chemistry:

  • biochemistry - pure chemistry that study chemical processes of living things

  • organic chemistry - study of any chemicals that contain carbon (deadass almost everything bc carbon is abundant and can make many chemicals) ; both pure and applied chem

  • inorganic chem - study of any chemical/substances with no carbon ; both pure and applied chem

  • physical chem - study of macroscopic and atomic properties and phenomena in chemical systems (ex: rates of reactions, energy transfers, structure of at a molecular level)

  • analytical chemistry - more on the composition of matter with a focus on separating, identifying, and quantifying chemical samples

1.2 - scientific method

scientific method - a logical, systematic, approach to observe and investigating natural phenomena.

scientific law - explanation of summary of results of many many experiments with NO EXCEPTIONS

SCIENTIFIC METHOD STEPS

  1. Observation and Question - questions can be specific or general

  2. Making A Hypothesis - a hypothesis or a testable conjecture that proposes an answer (if/then format)

  3. Research - research topic of interest

  4. Design Experiment - gather materials and write procedure;

    need experimental variables such as:

    independent variables - variables that are being changed

    dependent variables - variables being observed/measured

    control group - experiences the same conditions as the experimental group without being tested on by a different factor/variable

  5. Experiment - test the hypothesis; you can make revisions along the way

  6. Record Data and Interpret when finished

  7. Conclusions/Revision - revise the hypothesis if the results are inconsistent with the hypothesis. further experiments for revision can be made to theories too. conclusions can use deductive or inductive reasoning (mostly the latter, its very fundamental to the scientific method)

    deductive reasoning - a specific conclusion based on facts, and theories. conclusion is only correct if everything else is correct

    inductive reasoning - a general conclusion based on observations of patterns, relationships

  8. Developing Theories - theory is an explanation repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple researchers and gained wide acceptance. this could only happen if similar results were from more and more experiments. theory details can be adjusted as discoveries are made.

chemistry - study of composition matter and the changes they undergo.

  • a chemist is someone who studies chemistry

  • they use two worlds of chemistry: macroscopic and microscopic

macroscopic - substances that can be physically seen, touched, measured

microscopic - referring to small particles that make matter

*chemists must observe matter and do experiments macroscopically world and then use their observations to make generalizations and propose microscopic explanations

Fields of Chemistry

types of chemistry

  • pure chemistry - emphasis on theory and how matter changes in a chemical process

  • applied chemistry - directed to a specific goal or application irl

there are 5 main disciplines of chemistry:

  • biochemistry - pure chemistry that study chemical processes of living things

  • organic chemistry - study of any chemicals that contain carbon (deadass almost everything bc carbon is abundant and can make many chemicals) ; both pure and applied chem

  • inorganic chem - study of any chemical/substances with no carbon ; both pure and applied chem

  • physical chem - study of macroscopic and atomic properties and phenomena in chemical systems (ex: rates of reactions, energy transfers, structure of at a molecular level)

  • analytical chemistry - more on the composition of matter with a focus on separating, identifying, and quantifying chemical samples

Ch 2