Final Exam Study Guide for Bio 104 (Williford) Spring//2024 :)

***SS are possible short answer questions***

Module 1

Chapter 33

1.        Herbaceous: (non-woody) in temperate climates, ariel parts (leaves, above ground) die back

2.        Annuals: Herbaceous plants, live up for 1 year or less (ex. Corn, geranium)

3.        Biennials: herbaceous plants, live up for 2 years (ex. Carrot, cabbage)

4.        Perennials: herbaceous and woody plants have potential to live for more than 2 years (e. asparagus, oak trees)

5.        Vascular Tissues: is responsible for conducting substances like water, dissolved minerals and food

6.        Primary growth: Increase in stem and root length, produced by apical meristems.

7.        Secondary growth: increase in stem thickness produced by lateral meristems.

8.        SS: Differentiate between primary and secondary growth in plants, as to the results of each, and where each type of growth would be most likely to occur. (Listed above)

Chapter 39

1.        Goblet Cells: are unicellular glands that secrete muscles

2.        Epithelial Tissue: a continuous layer of cells that cover a body surface or lining of a body cavity.

3.        4 Basic Animal Tissues

·        Epithelial: listed above!

·        Connective: contains specialized cells. Joins other body tissues, supports body and organs, protects underlying organs

·        Muscle: specialized to contract, 3 different types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

·        Nervous: controls muscles and glands, has dendrites and axons

o   Dendrites: receive signals , transmits signals to the cells body

o   Axon: transmit signals away from the cell body to muscles and other nerve cells.  

Module 2

Chapter 30

1.        Bilateral symmetry: can be divided into one plane

2.        Radial symmetry: when the body has the general form of a wheel or cylinder, and similar structures are regularly arranged as spikes from a central axis.

3.        Asymmetry: no symmetry

4.        Protostome: includes mollusks (clams), annelids (worms) and arthropods (lobsters).

5.        Lateral Line: toward one side of the body

6.        Dorsal: back surface  

7.        Ventral: underside or belly

8.        Deuterostomes: includes echinoderms (starfish) and chordates (creatures with vertebrates)

9.        Anterior: toward the head        

10.   Posterior: toward the tail end

11.   Frontal Plane: divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts

12.   Sagittal Plane: divides the body into right or left halves

Chapter 31

1.        Statocyst: sense organs that are used to detect gravity

2.        Mantle: dorsal body wall

3.        Chitin: In arthropods, the exoskeleton is made up of this.

4.        Scolex: head region that contains suckers and hooks

5.        Proboscis: muscular tube for capturing food and defense.

6.        SS: Identify the distinguishing characteristics of phylum Cnidairia. Also identify the classes within this phylum and their identifying characteristics. Include at least one example.

·        Phylum Cnidaria: contains four classes with radial symmetry and has two tissue layers. Contains nematocysts (stinging cells) and contains two body forms polyp and medusa.

o   Class Hydrozoa: typically polyps, may be solitary or colonial, ex. Portuguese man of war, hydras

o   Class Scyphozoa: jellyfish, generally medusa

o   Class Cubozoa: box jellyfish, sea wasp, have complex eyes that form blurred images.

o   Class Anthozoa: sea anemones, polyps, solitary or colonial, differ from hydrozoas in organizations of cavity

§  Colonial: are those that live in groups/colonies

§  Solitary: organisms that live alone

Module 3

Chapter 32

1.        Viviparous: animals that give birth to live young that have developed inside the mothers body

2.        Oviparous: lays eggs

3.        The order that contains snakes: squamates

4.        How many chambers are in the hearts of amphibians: 3

5.        How many chambers are in the hearts of mammals? 4

6.        Metamorphosis occurs in what class? Amphibians

7.        Which type of cleavage is found on deuterostomes? Radial and intermediate

8.        How many species of birds have been described? 10,000

9.        SS: Identify the five main classes of echinoderms. List their characteristics and one representative of each class.

·        Crinoidea: the oldest class, few living species. Ex, feather star, sea lilies

·        Asteroidea: carnivorous predators, slow moving, central disk with arms, secrete enzymes and digest prey. Ex, sea stars

·        Ophiuroidea: largest group, similar to sea stars but arms are longer and move faster. Tube feet lack suckers. Ex. Brittle stars

·        Echinoidea: has moveable spines, no arms, solid body called a test, adapted for burrowing. Ex. Sand dollars and sea urchins.

·        Holothuroidea: mouth surrounded by modified tube feet, eat algae, release digestive tract when in danger. Ex. Sea cumber

10.   SS: Compare and contrast monotremes and Metatheria (marsupials). Identify two representatives of each group.

·        Monotremes: egg laying mammals. Ex platypus, echidna

·        Marsupials: embryos develop in uterus, young are born undeveloped and travel in pouch. Ex. kangaroos, opossums

Module 4

Chapter 29

1.        Fruiting bodies: large, visible complex reproductive structures

2.        Mycelium: is visible with the naked eye and tangled mass of hyphae.

3.        SS: List three of the six characteristics of fungi we went over in class.

·        Eukaryotic

·        Heterotrophic

·        Secrete digestive enzymes onto food

·        Cell walls within chitin

·        Lack chlorophyll

·        Grows best in moist environments

Chapter 27

1.        Gametangia: multicellular sex organ which produces gametes

2.        Stomata: pores on surface that allow for gas exchange on the underside of the leaf

3.        Archegonia: female gametangia

4.        Angiosperms: are flowering plants and produce seeds that are enclosed with a fruit

5.        SS: Name three phylum of bryophytes and give an example of each.

·        Bryophyta: the structure includes a foot for anchoring, a stalk like seta, a capsule with sporogenous cells, a calyptra or cap and a protonema that develops from spores into a leafy plant. Ex. moss

·        Hepatophyta: thallus body plant that can produce sexually or asexually. Spores are formed sexually on a gemmae cup. Ex. liverworms

·        Anthoceropta: has one chloroplast per cell and sporophyte looks like a horn. Ex. Hornworms

Module 5

Chapter 28

1.        Monoecious: male and female reproductive parts that are on the same plant

2.        Dioecious: male and female reproductive parts that are on separate plants

3.        Trichomes: hair like structures that help reduce water loss

4.        Angiosperms: produce seed with fruit, ovules are surrounded by ovary wall

5.        Stigma: pollen lands

6.        Style: pollen tube

7.        Ovary: egg cells

Chapter 34

1.        Leaf arrangements

·        Alternate leaf arrangement: one leaf at each node

·        Opposite leaf arrangement: two leaf’s at each node

·        Whorled leaf arrangement: three leaf’s at each node

2.        Blade: broad, flat portion of a leaf

3.        Petiole: stalk of a leaf

4.        SS: Identify three different types of modified leaves and list the functions of each.

·        Spines: protection

·        Tendrils: attachment

·        Bud Scales: protection

Module 6

Chapter 35

1.        Heartwood: older wood, in the center, non-functional

2.        Annual Rings: found in temperate climates

3.        Hardwood: wood of flowering plants

4.        Sapwood: woods of conifers

5.        SS: Compare and contrast monocots and dicots.

·        Monocot: has a cuticle, epidermis, cortex, vascular bundles, pith

·        Dicots: cuticle, epidermis, vascular bundles that are scattered and has no secondary growth.

o   Cuticle: waxy covering

o   Epidermis: outer covering that provides protection

o   Cortex: has ground tissue for photosynthesis, storage and support

o   Vascular Bundles: are arranged in a circle

o   Pith: ground tissues at the center of the stem.

Chapter 37

1.        Drupe: hard single seed, ex peach

2.        Berry: fleshy fruits, ex grapes

3.        Legume: dry fruit that can spilt along two sutures, ex pea pod

4.        Rhizome: horizontal underground stems, ex ginger

5.        SS: List the four basic types of fruits and tell what they are composed of.

·        Simple fruits: develops from a single ovary, six main types of fruits: berry, drupe, legume, capsule, grains, nuts

·        Aggregate fruits: developed from a single flower with several pistils. Ex. blackberries

·        Multiple fruits: formed from the ovaries of many flowers. Ex. Pineapples, mulberries.

·        Accessory fruits: fruits have other tissue other than ovary tissue composing the fruits. Ex. apples

Module 7

1.        All of new material i do not feel like typing it lol

Chapter 54

1.        Primary succession: a change in the species composition over time in an environment that was not previously inhabited organisms

2.        Secondary succession: life at one time was in a particular environment but has been wiped out and started again

3.        Coevolution: two interacting species evolving together

Other terms:

1.        Taxonomy: the science of technique of classification

2.        Segmentation: dividing an animal or plant into many similar parts

3.        Electroreceptors: special parts found in some animals that can sense electric fields