Comprehensive Medieval History Notes: 1066 Norman Conquest, Feudalism, Castles, and Medieval Law

King Edward's Death:
- King Edward died with no heir ("no air").
- The absence of a clear heir triggered a succession struggle for the English crown among the Saxons and Norman Vikings.
Battle of Stamford Bridge:
- Key battle taking place in 1066 prior to the southern invasion.
Arrival at Pevensey:
- Forces advanced through Pevensey ("pewensely" / "pensiuly").
Battle of Hastings:
- Fought on 14th October 1066 ("14th Oct").
- Key leaders involved included Harold of Hastings and William, the Duke of Normandy.
- Outcome: William won the battle, securing the throne.

Commemoration:
- Depicts the events surrounding the Battle of Hastings ("Battle Bayutapety").
Physical Dimensions:
- Length: $10\,\text{m}$ long.
- Width: $50\,\text{cm}$ wide.

Structure of the Feudal System:
- Monarchical hierarchy headed by the King.
- Everyday life for Peasants was dictated by strict obligations to the lord above them.
Manorialism:
- Manors served as the primary economic and social organizational units.

Castle Defense and Attack:
- Structural designs catered directly to tactical Attack and Defense maneuvers.
- Keep: The central, heavily fortified stronghold within the castle.
- Arrow loop: Narrow openings in walls allowing defenders to shoot arrows while remaining safe.

Judicial Standard:
- Accused individuals were presumed guilty till proven innocent.
Trials by Ordeal:
- Divine judgment methods used to establish guilt or innocence:
- Trial by water: Included both hot water and cold water ordeals.
- Trial by fire: Test of innocence through survival/healing from fire exposure.
- Trial by combat: Judicial duel between opposing parties.
- Trial by cake: Ordeal involving the ingestion of sacred bread or cake.