Motivation and Emotion (Ch. 10)

Motivation: a want or need towards a goal

  • Intrinsic: internal factors

    • this make me feel good, guilt

  • Extrinsic: external factors

    • rewards and punishment

Instinct: species-specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned.

  • Instinctive Behavior: something not learned that we do anyways.

    • infant rooting for the nipple

    • basically anything an infant does bc they don’t know anything yet still do things.

Overjustification effect: intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given.

  • you start hating what you (used to) love doing

  • burnout

  • Reminding yourself why you started

Theories

William James — incorrect/we don’t do this anymore

Drive Theory of Motion: the maintenance of homeostasis is important in directing behavior.

  • hunger

Arousal Theory of Motivation: we have to be at the highest level of arousal to accomplish something.

  • underaroused: bored, seek stimulation

  • overaroused: anxiety

Yerkes-Dodson Law: task performed best when arousal levels are in a middle range.

  • “a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower”

Self-efficacy: are you motivated enough to due something; am I capable of doing this?

Bandura: self-efficacy plays a role in motivating behavior.

Social Motives:

Need for achievement: awards

Need for affiliation: positive interaction with people

Need for intimacy: meaningful relationships

Hunger and Eating

Before eating: empty stomach.

  • if we don’t eat for along period of time, smth happens idfk

After eating:

satiation: feeling of fullness and satisfaction causing eating behavior to stop.

  • release leptin: a satiety hormone

Metabolic rate: the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time.

  • burn calories faster or slower

Set-Point Theory: each individual has an ideal body weight/set point, which is resistant to change.

  • genetically predetermined

Bariatric Surgery: gastric banding surgery creates a small pouch of stomach, reducing the size of the stomach that can be used for digestion.

  • Tato

Bulimia Nervosa: binge eating episodes then trying to compensate for the large amounts of food consumed.

  • Compensation: vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise

  • Health consequences: bone loss, heart failure, kidney failure, amenorrhea (cessation of the menstrual period), reduced function of the gonads, and in extreme cases, death.

  • Psychological problems: anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance abuse

Anorexia Nervosa: not eating at all. Sometimes exercise on top of that as well.

  • Distorted body image: a type of body dysmorphia.

  • Health consequences: bone loss, heart failure, kidney failure, amenorrhea (cessation of the menstrual period), reduced function of the gonads, and in extreme cases, death.

  • Psychological problems: anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance abuse

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS): persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism.

  • people can eating 24 hrs/never feel satiated

Sexual Behavior (10.3 pg 346)

Hypothalamus: motivated behavior (including) for sex

Sexual disorders due to impurities to the hypothalamus

Hormones — endocrine secretion ☹ —i didnt write it down fast enough

Amygdala Nucleus Accumbens = also motivators

Kinsey: Published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953)

  • Findings: women and men are equally interested and experienced in sex, both masturbate without health consequences, homosexual acts are common/exist, and asexuals

  • Kinsley scale: used to categorize and individuals sexual orientation

Master’s and Johnson: observed ppl engaging in sexual acts

  • Blood pressure and respiration rate increase(?) during sex—rare ppl pass out during sex

    • Excitement; erection, lubrication

    • Plateau; increased swelling and blood flow to the labia minora/pre-ejaculation fluids

    • Orgasm; rhythmic contractions; ejaculaton

    • Resolution; come down

      • must be lubricated during entire process

Sexual orientation: emotional and erotic attraction toward another individual

Gender identity: an individual’s sense of being male, female, neither of these, both of these, or another gender

Gender dysphoria:

  • at least 6 months

  • significant distress

Transgender hormone therapy: use of hormones to make one’s body look more like the opposite sex.

Emotions

Mood: nothing conscious, kinda how you are wherever you are

Emotion: based on something that happens to bring it on, can be intentional brought out

Theories

James-Langue: emotions rise from physiological arousals

  • body is first thing that responds

  • then emotion

Cannon-Bard: having emotions alongside the physiological happenings

Singer: you must be aware something is happening

  • you label it = you are having it

  • i think therefor i am

Lazarus: you name it, then your physiological symptoms start

Thalamus: sensory relay center

  • what is making me nervous?

Hippocampus: logic and theories as why we feel the way we do

Amygdala—

Basolateral Complex: dense connections with different sensory areas of the brain

  • thing we do and don’t like; why we do or don’t

  • classical conditioning occurs here

Central Nucleus: endocrine and automatic nervous system

Cultural Display Rule: culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays.

  • “be who you are~“

  • Japan subway behavior vs. New York subway behavior

Inside Out emotions = seven universal facial expressions of emotion

  1. Happy

  2. Sad

  3. Contempt

  4. Anger

  5. Surprised

  6. Fear

  7. Disgust

Facial feedback hypothesis: facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions.