R&W (D1)

TOPIC 1: PATTERNS OF WRITTEN TEXT

• Patterns of Development

  • logival arrangement of ideaspattern helps you follow ideas easily and understand text better

    • Definition

      • Using definition to develop an idea helps to clarify and explain concepts by answering the question “What does it mean?”

      • explains the information through the use of illustrations, examples, and descriptions.

    • Description

      • a descriptive pattern basically provides details on the idea by using either a sensory or spatial pattern. Through a sensory pattern, ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five senses. A spatial pattern, on the other hand, arranges ideas by location or physical space.

    • Exemplification

      • An exemplification pattern presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea.

    • Comparison & Contrast

      • The paragraph compares two subjects and discusses how they are alike, and how they are different, and lists a few examples.

    • Cause & Effect

      • it explains why something happens. It also states what results a particular event produces. It usually gives a statement emphasizing the cause and another emphasizing the effect.

    • Problem-Solution

      • A chronological pattern organizes ideas or events according to time.

      • narration or a sequence

TOPIC 2: PROPERTIES OF WELL WRITTEN TEXT

Properties of a well written text

• Organizaztion

  • known as an arrangement that refers to the structural framework for writing.

  • logical progression and completeness of ideas in a text is an organization.

    • Text structure

      • refers to the framework of a text’s beginning, middle, and end

        • Beginning (introduces the readers to the purpose of the writing; also called as the lead or the hook)

        • Middle (organization of the middle of a piece of writing depends on the genre)

        • End (the restatement of the thesis and major point; showing how the writer has proven his/her position)

    • Signal Words

      • are textual cues that readers use to follow a text

    • Physical Format

      • is observed in how the text physically appears like headings and subheadings, bullet points, or font emphasis

• Coherance and Cohesion

  • Coherence refers to the overall sense of unity in a text

  • Cohesion is the connection of ideas both at the sentence level and at the paragraph level

    • Transitions

      • refers to words that connect one idea to another

    • Repetitions

      • the repetition of the main idea keeps the continuity and helps the readers remain focused and headed in the right direction

    • Synonyms

      • words similar in meaning

      • used if direct repitition is too obvious

    • Pronouns

      • connect sentences by reffering to proceding noun and pronouns

      • can make paragraphs readable by removing wordiness and unecessary repetition

    • Parallel Structures

      • use of matching words, phrases, clauses or sentences

      • allows the reader to understand the connectiion between ideas and to flow smoothly

• Language Use

  • refers to the appropriateness of word

    • Concrete and Specific

      • concrete language involves tangible qualities and things we know through our senses

      • Specific language designates particular items or individual cases

    • Concise Language

      • means using minimal amount of effective terms to convey one’s argument

    • Familiar Language

      • refers to the words that the reader easily recognizes and understand

    • Precise Language

      • replaces unclear terms for accurate nouns and active verbs

    • Constructive Language

      • expresses potentially negative in a positive way

    • Formality Language

      • formality of the language used should conform to the formality of the situation and the relationship between thevwriter and the reader

• Mechanics

  • these are conventions that have to be considered in writing

    • Spelling

      • always make sure that you are consistently using one standard regarding the spelling of your words

    • Punctuation

      • used to provide structure to and organize a text, such as commas and periods, etc.

    • Capitalization

      • any sentence’s first word is capitalized, signaling that a new sentence has started