Unit 3: Cohesion and coherence

Lexical choices: Shared informal vocabulary employed through synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and hypernymy, such as with the use of slang and colloquial language

Collocation: Employing informal collocations, such as strongly associated idioms and fixed phrases.

Information flow: the flexible and variable exchanging of information, due to the spontaneous nature of informal communication.

Referencing: Personal pronouns and demonstratives being used anaphorically and deictically. Additionally, speakers and writers sometimes use cataphoric referencing as a repair in informal contexts.

Repetition: May be consciously used to strengthen or sustain a main point or argument, or unintentionally used as a result of spontaneous speech.

Substitution: Replacing words or phrases with synonyms or related terms to maintain interest and avoid redundancy. The substitution of pronouns such as 'one' and 'some' for noun phrases, to avoid repetition.

Ellipsis: The use of ellipsis when a word or phrase is assumed to be understood in context, to avoid repetition.

Conjunctions: Conjunctions may be used to begin sentences, which is generally avoided in more formal writing.

Adverbials: Used to link relevant information together, improving clarity and flow for an audience.