Cultural Variations and Social Differences (Gender)

• Society - Large group of people partaking in social interaction

• Sex is physical and biological identity (male and female)

• Gender is social and personal identity (masculine and feminine)

  • Gender is malleable and changes across societies

• Gender Roles

  • Culturally assigned tasks and activities to sexes

  • Refer to attitudes and behaviors that society expects a person to exhibit based on his or her sex.

• Culture

  • Largely involved in defining gender in societies

  • Culture dictates appropriate characteristics of genders while society propagates these characteristics

• Gender Equality - Equal rights for girls and boys to develop their potential

• Gender Inequality - The absence of gender equality

Cultural Variations and Social Differences (Socioeconomic Class)

During prehistoric times

• People were assigned with different social functions

During pre-colonial period

• Communities

  • Barangays headed by Datu/Raja

• Maharlika

  • First social class

  • Composed of Datu and their families

• Timawa “freemen”

  • Middle/Second social class

  • Composed of workers, warriors, artisans, etc.

  • Owned properties

• Alipin “slaves”

  • Lowest/Third social class

  • Served others as payment for their debts

    • Aliping Namamahay

      • Had their own properties

      • Can go back to being Timawa after repaying debts

    • Aliping Saguiguilid

      • Will be slaves for life due to large debts

      • Had no properties 

During Spanish Period

• Peninsulares “Peninsula”

  • Highest class

  • Spaniards born in Spain

• Insulares “Insular”

  • Spaniards born in the Philippines

• Mestizo

  • People with mixed ancestry

• Indio

  • Filipinos born in the Philippines

  • were stripped of their rights and freedom

  • were forced to bow down to Spanish colonizers

• “Middle Class”

  • The middle class consisted of Principalia and Ilustrados

    Principalia

    • Composed of nobles and leaders

    • Gobernadorcillo (City Mayor)

    • Cabeza (Barangay Leader)

    Ilustrados

    • Those who studies in Europe like scholars and artists

    • Usually children of principalia

Modern Socioeconomic Classes

• Social Stratification 

  • The division of society based on occupation and income

• National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)

  • (1987) introduced high, middle, and low-income

• High-income class

  • Get 200,000php per month

  • Only 1% of population

• Middle-income class

  • 36,000php per month

  • Usually professionals and entrepreneurs

• Low-income class

  • 10,000php per month

  • Usually laborers and minimum-wage workers

• Social Mobility

  • Movement of people/families between different socioeconomic classes

Cultural Variations and Social Differences (Ethnicity)

• Ethnicity

  • Refers to a group of people that shares a culture or descent

  • Also known as Ethnic Group

• Race

  • Refers to a group of people that shares the same features

  Three types of Race:

  • Caucasoid - North Americans/Europeans

  • Mongoloid - Asians

  • Negroid - Black/Darker colored people

Ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines  (182 different types)

• The 8 main groups

  • Ilokano

  • Pangasinense

  • Bikolano

  • Cebuano

  • Kapampangan

  • Tagalog

  • Ilonggo

  • Waray-Waray

• Smaller groups

  • Ibanag

  • Ivatan

  • Sambal

  • Subanon

  • Maguindanaoan

  • Zambuangueño

Indigenous groups in the Philippines

• Mangyans of Mindoro

• Igorots of the Mountain Province

• Moros of Mindanao

Different types of discrimination against Ethnicity and Race

1. Racism

   • Discrimination or prejudice based on a person's race

2. Ethnocentrism

   • Discrimination or prejudice based on a person’s culture and ethnicity

3. Genocide

   • The deliberate destruction of a group of people based on their culture or race

   • Ex. The Holocaust

4. Ethnic Cleansing

   • The mass expulsion, killing, or rape of a group of people part of a ethnic or religious group.

Cultural Variation and Social Differences (Religion)

• Religion - a set of practices and behaviors that relate to a group of people's belief in a god or a group of gods.

• Variety of Religion

  • Christianity

  • Islam

  • Buddhism

  • Taoism

  • Hinduism

Cultural Variations and Social Differences (Exceptionality/Non-Exceptionality)

• Exceptionality

  • Quality of  a person that makes them different from an established norm

  • Could be a disability or talent

  • Various physical and mental interference or problems that affect a person and which make it difficult for him or her to function properly in society

• Non-Exceptionality

  • Quality of a person that makes them average or part of the norm

#Republic Act 7277 “Magna Carta For People with Disabilities (PWD)” in 1991

• International Symbol of Access (ISA)

  • can be found at places that are designated for all persons with disabilities

Cultural Variations and Social Differences (Nationality)

• Nation

  • Large aggregate of people united by common descent through inhabiting a particular country or territory 

  • Emphasizes a particular group of people

• Nationality

  • A person's instinctive membership to a specific nation or country

• Country

  • Emphasizes the physical dimensions and boundaries of a geographical area

• State

  • A self governing legal and political entity

• Citizenship

  • Persons legal and political status in a city or state 

  • Individuals who have been registered with the government and accepted into the country legally

  5 types of Citizenship

  1. Jus Soli

     • By soil; Country in which you were born

  2. Jus Sanguinis

     • By blood; Acquired through the citizenship of parents

  3. Naturalization

     • By choice; Choosing to be a citizen of a country

  4. Citizenship by Marriage

     • By marriage; Marrying a citizen of a different country

  5. Economic Citizenship

     • By investment; Citizenship granted due to significant economic investments to the country

Administrative Naturalization Law 2000 (R.A 9139)

• Avenue for administrative naturalization

Philippine Nationality Law

• Is based on Jus Sanguinis

Issues Regarding Nationality and Statelessness

• Right to Nationality

  • Every person has a right to nationality

  • It is a fundamental human right to acquire, retain, or change nationality

• Statelessness

  • People who don’t have nationality

  • Article 1 of the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). “a stateless person is someone who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law".

  •  United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

    • Handles all issues regarding refugees and stateless people. Identifies stateless people and protect their rights, as well as prevent statelessness from happening all over the world. They also aid stateless people in acquiring new citizenship in other countries.