CHEM 17
Chemical equilibrium
It is the energy that is available to do work—the difference between the change in enthalpy and the product of the entropy change and the absolute temperature
-free energy
A very valuable source of nitrogen that is essential for plant growth.
-ammonia
T/F: To produce ammonia at a rate that is practical, the reaction must be carried out at a much higher temperature and pressure.
-true
A chemical reaction that can occur in both the forward and the reverse directions.
-reversible reaction
To change from one form or function to another
-Convert
Means that opposing processes are in balance
-equilibrium
A state in which the forward and reverse reactions balance each other because they take place at equal rates
-chemical equilibrium
A push or pull on an object is a ___
-force
T/F: Equilibrium is a state of action
-true
In the forward process, called ___, iodine molecules change directly from the solid phase to the gas phase.
-sublimation
Who proposed and developed the law of chemical equilibrium?
-Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage
States that at a given temperature, a chemical system might reach a state in which a particular ratio of reactant and product concentrations has a constant value.
-law of chemical equilibrium
(K_eq) The numerical value of the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations, with each concentration raised to the power equal to its coefficient in the balanced equation.
-equilibrium constant
Means that all the reactants and products are in the same physical state.
-homogeneous equilibrium
When the reactants and products are present in more than one physical state
-heterogeneous equilibrium
When equilibrium was established the concentration of each substance was determined experimentally
-Equilibrium concentrations
T/F: A reaction is at equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
-true
A ratio of the molar concentrations of the products to the molar concentrations of the reactants
-equilibrium constant expression
Discovered that there are ways to control equilibria to make reactions more productive.
-Henri-Louis Le Châtelier
If a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in the direction that relieves the stress
-Le Châtelier’s Principle
Is any kind of change in a system at equilibrium that upsets the equilibrium
-stress
A substance that absorbs water
-desiccant
Describes how an equlibrium system shifts in response to a stress or a disturbance.
-Le Châtelier's principle
The equilibrium constant expression for the dissolving of a sparingly soluble compound (K_sp)
-solubility product constant
An ion that is common to two or more ionic compounds
-common ion
The lowering of the solubility of a substance because of the presence of a common ion
-common ion effect
Described by an equilibrium constant expression that relates the concentrations of reactants and products
-chemical equilibrium