Sphere of Influence (1890s): Various powers (Russia, Japan, GB, France, Germany) established control over regions in China for trade.
Open Door Policy (1899): Initiated by Hay to ensure equal trading privileges for all nations in China; no nation rejected the policy, leading to its acceptance by the powers.
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
Causes: Rise of nationalism and xenophobia in China.
Society of Harmonious Fists: Attacked foreign settlements and Christians.
U.S. Involvement: U.S. troops joined international forces to suppress the Boxer Rebellion; China forced to pay indemnities, weakening its imperial regime.
Hay's Second Note (1900)
Concerns: Hay feared U.S. forces might occupy China and influence its independence.
Content: Emphasized U.S. commitment to preserving China's territorial integrity and equal trade.
Long-term Impact: Established U.S. policy towards China for subsequent administrations including McKinley and Roosevelt.
Theodore Roosevelt's Big-Stick Policy
Background: Roosevelt became president after McKinley’s assassination in 1901.
Philosophy: "Speak softly and carry a big stick" - a proactive approach to foreign relations.
Goal: Enhance the U.S. reputation as a world power through decisive actions; faced criticism for moving away from non-involvement in global politics.