Criminological Theory: Labeling Theory Summary

Chapter Objectives

  • Link between societal reaction and labeling.

  • Distinction of Lemert’s primary and secondary deviance.

  • Explanation of retrospective interpretation.

  • Definition of master status and its implications for rehabilitation.

  • Description of labeling as both a conflict and a process theory.

Essential Elements of Labeling Theory

  • Also known as the Societal Reaction School, developed in the 1960s.

  • Deviance is attributed by reactions to behavior rather than the behavior itself.

  • Focuses solely on societal reactions, not motivations for deviant behavior.

Social and Intellectual Heritage

  • Influenced by civil rights movements and skepticism toward government.

  • Rooted in the Chicago School's symbolic interactionism and self-report methodologies.

Assumptions of Labeling Perspective

  • Crime and criminals are defined by societal labels.

  • Labels influence societal perceptions and treatment of deviant behavior.

  • Stigma plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of the labeling process.

Two Forms of Labeling Theory

  • Original version: focus on how and to whom labels are applied.

  • Secondary deviance: examines the impact of labels on individual behavior and identity.

Lemert’s Views on Deviance

  • Primary deviance: initial acts not significantly regarded by the actor.

  • Secondary deviance: behavior shaped by the internalization of a deviant label, changing self-concept.

Retrospective Interpretation

  • Process where society re-evaluates past behaviors upon labeling, fitting them into deviant narratives.

Master Status Concept

  • Dominant labels that overshadow all other qualities, affecting social identity and rehabilitation efforts.

Policy Implications of Labeling

  • Diversion: aims to reduce stigma.

  • Due Process: seeks to minimize differential processing in the justice system.

  • Decriminalization and deinstitutionalization approaches reduce labeling and consequences for individuals.

Key Chapter Summary Points

  • Deviance is a product of societal reaction rather than inherent behavior.

  • The labeled individual is often seen primarily through the lens of their label.

  • Acceptance of a deviant label can lead to a change in self-concept and further deviance.