lecture 1 stuff

Lecture 1-

Three roles of nervous system - sensation repsonse and inetgration - there ar three roles of nervous system sensation breposne and intesgratoin. ‘

there is sesnaiton sensation - big five

repsone mucle storniaotn

and itnegration using process of sensory ifnoramtion sitmuli cpmpared iwht other incoming stimuli meoreoise of sitmuli or state of person.

sensaiton reposne and integration

sensaitonr pesone and integration

sensation response and integration. . .

senstiaon the big five touch tast smell see hear, interinaiol ionc noention blood pressure

resosein muslc contirona skelta ciarid and control fo glans

itnegriaotn is the process of sensory

processing of sesnoy information - sitmuli compared with other incomin stimuli memories of sitmeisl or state of the person

there are three eroesl fo the NS sensroy repone and integraiton. big fivc meuslc oentironat processing of sensory finroamtion

cns and pns

CNS and PNS

the CNS is the brain and the spinal cord

the PNS is the nerves

crian and spina neces

sensose,

organization fo the NS. thers is the soamtic which is volutnary and consilya dn teh autmonic which is involutnary and subconsisly. again theres is the atunomic which is usbtancosul and involutnary and the somatic is ovlutnary and ocnslsuyh

somatic sensory enrvoys stems is going to be volutnary and coinsiou and uatnonai is oging ot be invuliutna ren aunconsisou

again ther ear ethree jobs senito repsosne na dintegrat

neurons are elecially eiabel densrit esinput prtoion of a neruon -

neurson ar eelecitrally eiabel and denrites inptu portion of a neuron

neurosn are exitaclly exiabel and denrites reciev input protino fo aneurona dna xon ar eth eputp

elxneruspn

s it sgo h dneir the clel boty dteh axon and the axon terinal

agian ther eis the ostmand asuatomi nerouv ustme the omati is ovng o t do volutneary and ocnsioua dn atunaotmic is invulutnary and unocnous.

electircla singal in neurson - neruson communicate withe achother via action pteoinatos. - neruson communciate withe ach other through action pteitnsoal - neurson communicate iwth each other through action petions. -

nerons communicat eiwth echo ter via acion pteoitnsials - neurosn communciate iwthe ach other through aciotn petionaos. they are rapid dpeoalriziong ofllo

nerusons communciate with each other through acitp oteitnsial - acito tpeianil a rapid dperolziaiotn followed by repolziaot of the memrban peotinesila -

actiona ptienaitl a rapidde polziation followed by repolarizioatn of the memrbanre potienatil. neruons communicate iwth each other via action ptoeintails acita pteoiantil are dperolziaotn and then rpeolziiaotn.

electiral singal in enruson so in order to cause. adepoalrizon i tneeds to reach a res

so the restin g memera

so the refracotye prieos is goin og t be when it iuvnershotos and this is where it cant fire agian unless a strong sitmulus happens again.

refractoyry perios stage 5 _

resting stage - reaching threshold - deppolariziont - repolziaito - undershoot.

aciotn tpeiantl prpagation of action ptoiential -

snyapses - cheimcal ysnapse - tansmssiong through neutoramitterl one direction

chemcial syanpsel transmittion througn neutrmaitter

chemcial syanse sis going to be trnamissiong through neutromistter.

synapse - chemcial is going ot be nutirmaitsion and in won ditoen ane elcitlr ai soign to be fast and through gap jsutnion a db othdirieocnts.

thers are two types of syanpse ther eis chemical that is going to nbe one dreiocnt and invoel neurotramitters nad ther eis hcemcial that is going to use gap jucnitona dn its toint to be bidreictla and faxt.

eekcturak sbaoses ut us giug it ve fat abd tus su giubg ti uvilve grinieb reaksuebg byerisb ub gyeothatkshnys si ekeucka syaos egeisnisb rekas ebeyrisb ubgttotgakshnsy

electrial naysoe si going to invovle hromron realsig nerysonin hypothalamus

heonoesn realsing neyrson in hypthalams

homrone relains ngersoin in hypthalmus

horonr ealsien neruson in hyptoahtmaus hoemson realisng neurson in hypthamsu

hormonr ealisng neurson in hyptioahtmays - hromeonr ealsien neruson in hypthatmus elecirla sysnap seinivles

eleical snaysoe is syntohcirnized and fast

neursonmirattes ar hcemial syanpse cause either enxitibo o inhibti nerysonru have ionic pi or metabiel

cneurotn mtiter can do exitiotry or inhibtory singal neurtmriters recpeto ahv etwo strucutr e- ionotropic recot or metabotropic repctors .

neutormitters cpeto agve tow strucut re they can be ionitropcu or metabotropic recpets - tneursomtier have two strucut reionotropic repecoe t

nmeutoromiters recpeto have two strucutr e- onotropic recptor

ionotropic repcot rs and metobtropic ontor and pemotna could co sitsin in on postnryapmci temrianl ‘

iontorpuic exititory is going to bind to the repcit a pstively charged ion casses through and it is going to depolzia dn exite

so ionotropic is when a neuromtiers binds ot the recpto a psotivley charged ion passes athrough and eleict exitiory psot ystnapit proietnail

iontropic recoetirs - nitibro r inptu - inthrio mueios bind repcotoes -

so in iontorbign iribtory a negati vion is going through so ncl =

the CNS is going to be the brain spinal cord

the PNS is going to be the nrse, eveyrhting else

somati si voing ot be volutnary and the autnanotmis is going ot be involtuani and uncoisn

aciot ptieal 070 is goingv to be for the memraben reitn ptoeianl and then it can dpeoarlize and then but thresful is first and then repoalrizioatn and

afferent is fom sensory ot he NS and efferent is form the NS to the sesnory/muscl es

what oucl be th target cell? smpoth muscl caida muscl and glands.

atuonomic nervoys stem

atunomic nervous sytem - regualtes funciton of itneral organs has three dision parnatysm sitna ane itr

okie there are senation there is reposen inteation and sitmsutlis so there is the CNS and the PSN and the PSN is bascially the nerces and everything esle. there is somatic nervous sytem and autnomic and the somatic ncvoerus sytem si going to be voluntari and ocnsiosua dn autnaomic is oging ot be invovlunato and unconsoisu

there are nerves tat are going to send infroamt the dendrives recieva dn the axons are goig to to release and the enrv es a eoigng to send out sigal shwen they are exited

feleicltr asingal in neruson this si going ot happen becuase action ptoienal and dpeorliziaotn when the inside is beocming more postiive becaus eht NA flowes in

the resting memebrane is going ot be between -70 and -80 and this means when it reaches threshold it is going to depolarize and then its going to have falling poitneital and then hyperpolziaiotn. and back to

restin - threshole. dpeoalizion - repoalrizioan and unders hoot

aciont patioenaitl si going to happen throuh the entire axon as it starts to propagate.

faciotna ptenail ther eis the refarcoty perido where we need a strong sitmiulus in order to depolarize. becuaser the na channels are barely reocoving and this si between the undershoot and resting phase part.

synapses there are two tyeps there is chemical and eleictr the elci is oing and thsi si goingv ot be like hromoens going to the thalamus and the chemical one is slow and one drieoicn the eleicl one is b irieoantal and uess gap juncionta dn teh

again c emical snyapse is oging to iinvolve cemncial synpa siew soign to invovle the neurosnmitters being relaised and slowly diffusing

the eleicltr aidk why but cr

so becuase cray fish need speed , this is why therianspaes ninvovle chemjcialsnapses becuas eit needsspeed or like rhoemosn realsingin hypothalmsu hormones realsesin gin hytpthalmus neurosn relaiisn gin hypeothalmsu

so again crafy fish fast reacitosn becuae o the ehtie rchfemical icanspases

neurosn can cause eitiaotyr or inithotb oand there is the ionotropic where a intibbtos could be cl- and exitiatory could be na+ and metaobtortilib is going to invovle g coupled receptosr . hotu can ecits in the same psot rnstamtpit temrianl

eiitroy neurnsnto bind recpetosr - stoveky charged ions pass through caiton exitiry ptoiential is elciited’

ionitropic inriitbor input inihtobtry neuotis being negaitlvye charged ion cl pass through cl- inihrboyptnsyhtaps tpsitosnmetbaotriopic repctos are slow

so checial snapses is the most fav orbale one it is 00%

somatic nervous system (performs tast colutnarily and ocnscoilu: mtoor contorl sensory p

somatic nervous sytem (performs tast ocluntairy and ocnslosy): motor ocntorl, sensoyr eprception, eanigna dn meoreoy and rueglaiton of oens emotiosn. autnomci is going ot be involtueioan so like reigl of cariviod repsirgasgr urniand and enocrine systems it

It is improtant for mainign homeorstis.

afferent is into the Nerovuys stem na defereing is out

the atunin ic soging to reuglate funcitons of internal organs. reugalts funciotn of interla organism has three division sympathetic parsympathteti can enteric.

reugaltions fucnion of interal organsL

has three divisions:

sympathetic parasympatheti cand eneric

the Autnoatmic nervoys systme is going to regulat funciton of interal orngams there is the syatnpthic paraysmpathe and enteric. again reugals funciton of itneral orgnas theree diciosn syampthteit parsymtpathei cand enteric. again ANS is gong to eulgaiton funciot of interla organs it has three diviosn syamtpthei parayhsmpatha dna enteric.

parasynoetatuc is going to be for calm and syapthteit ci soign go tbe right or flight

parasymaptehic is going to be rest and dies and snyatmpathis is going to be fight or flight

hemosisi si a dyanmci balance between the atunaomci branches. hooemsotisi

paraysmahtic is ogng ot be rest and smyatpathi cis fight or flight

anotehr way to define the syatmpathic or [aranysjmpethis i chte pregnaglionc neuosn

so to know wich is which u look at hte preganglionic neuosn . to know which is which u look at the peganglionic neruosn . the pengalion in neruson ar eint eh spen for syamptthic and in the parahysmtahti ci it is nt hebrain stem or the bottom of the spinal cord. \

so the syjmpatehic is oing to hve the pregaiglion neurosn in the spine and the aprnaysapthic is ogin got have htem in the bottom o f the psinal ord or at the brain stemp

the sytaptheic is oging to cause the puil o dialt ethe hear tot incra soamtce to reduc emobili realse hroowones

so first we are going to check what activiate stae we are in - we are oiong to see are we running or are we sleeping

where are the preganglion neurons ar ehtey at the spine or at the brain stemp

where are the psto grnalgion neuonrs

the sympathetic sysme has no post gnaglion neurons

So the symaptic post ngalgion neurosn sit clsoe to the spinal cod and the praysmptehic sit close to or withign the target ornga.

the adrenal medulla of he adrenal clang it is not going to ahve psot glagnion neruosn

neruosmtistter realsed byt eh adrneal medulla citualt theoutrh the body and itneisty reposnes by sptmathite cpost

so the adrenal medulla is part of hte ysnoatheic syste and it is not going to hav enay pos tganglion ic neruson and it is ogig to cirualt ethrought the body the neuroites are oigng ot cruatleb throght the body and itnensive rpesosneisby systath postnauglaigon cnueos. so it relase s

sote adrenal medulal is part of hte adrneal gland and it is going to have no psotnaglaion neruon but it si spar toa fystnpathei cyssm tan dit is going to cause nerusmtiers to realse by the adrena medull and ciuralt he body to intensive the syajtthi cpost nagliosn neuros in order part of the body.

know that inthe syanthtei chwihc is in the psinal cord the pregnaglions are ogin to cfire it is going to realc achetyl choling and there are going to be nitionci recptosr that are going to bind a the pst nglagionand there are two things

it can go to the sewea gland o rhte smooth muscle . there is two tyeps or recpetos rthe norepinphering or hte ahcyetlhcoling .

so it goes prevnalgion realseds acehtal choline niconti cpreotos bind the psotngaligons go and it can go two two different the norepeiner or ahte achetyl choling.

agian tehr eis sthe symaptheti cnad hte paraysmtpeathic - teh styaptehic is oging to relase ach then to the nitornic and then either realse NE or ach to the adrenorecpeotrs

so the adrena meudlla is

so the parnaystmait goes ach n2w ach

and hte ystpathichas ach n2 ach or ach n2 and ne for the adrenorecptors.

so usually it ges ach n2 ach but the ystjpathic has that and anotehr ach n2 Ne to teh adrenorecpeotrs.

Ne to he adrencpetos agiang so we go he syatpetjhic then ahc then n2 and thena gagon Ne adprenpet in teh syatjpthei c

therea re four tesp fo adren repcots a1 a2 b1b2

cholinorecpetors ncionte and muscanring

cholinorrecfptors nitonicn muscarinicn repcotrs

a1 a2 b1b2 four types = cholinoreceptors L nicontinc muscarininc repctors. adrenoreceptors a1 a2 b1b2 repcos thea is adnreotnos four types and chorlonrecpts thee is the niontin amusciarni crepcots

so know that nore repcot binds to an adrenrepcotr and a g coupled preotin realses

So when ne binds to aq i will trigger phroaucl and when tit

So when ne binds to a1 it rwill realse dp and it will activiate photlipase c

Ne binds to adrensyrepmo in the ysmjpathic A1 and thsi si going to cause gdp to fall off and actiivat ephtoalipase C

So a being bound causes phoscylicae C to turn on and being boudn to B causes adneylcyl cylcase to ron on a cause sonrioan and b cuases hear rate

so the nciotnei repcote is s goingto ahve ach bind and this is going to cause dpeoalizioatn easy i is and ionitropcu

nhysbarubc acg reocut su a etatbitrio abd when ach binds it is giong to cause G prteoins to opent a k+ channel and cuases hyperoalziotn . if it

so nitoncin ach is oging to be

niocnitni c soing got be a ionitropci reicept htat is going to cause exiitoary rpsoens os wha hapepns when ache bidns to ti is ti oging to exiti in

now metbaotri that is going to bind ach is ogingo tbe eitwher hyerpaolzioatn by iopenin k- channehls or eiitior by openan na or ca2+ chennles.

nivioiv shv rptrpov iy di goin oy br ricio tirnithrosor iri or gi oirsoig hyr smudinvin id oging no tinovvle g coupedl protines

sso the anotmic neurovuys si it soging ot ocntorl baldde rysntiotn

so when it fills it is going to caus eonciotrna that is the syapttei \

so the badller ufniotn is oging ot he autnomic nerovu systme wher ehte syathic is going ot be infovle in filling and parysmtbi si going ot be involed in realing.

an over active bladder can rill all way t

enteric ns is going to be the walls of the gastroinitne, pancease akn gall bladderc

dopo l’universite vorrei auidatare i personi con la salude lavorando come una dotora

ma da vambina volevo fare una scinenzata