Imperialism
Who was Fredrick Jackson Turner?
- He was someone who shared a speech at the Chicago World's Fair of 1893 which in simple terms explained that the American frontier helped shape the United States and shape America's character. He also believed that living on the frontier made Americans more independent and inventive.
Which audience did Turner think they would have had a surprised reaction to his speech?
The audience who thought westward expansion strengthened democratic values by spreading freedom and opportunity.
What did Turner realize after the frontier closed?
He realized that American society was unique by having independence and innovative ideas, but it would no longer exist because we would eventually have to find ways to grow and evolve, and this could change the country's character and democracy might change.
How did others respond to Turner's frontier?
Many people just looked at other places to grow America's influence which eventually led to the idea of building a US empire.
Who proposed the idea of purchase of Alaska in 1867 for over 7.2 million dollars?
William Seward
What did people think of William Seward's idea on the purchase of Alaska?
People thought he was mad because it seemed like a frozen wasteland.
What did people call Seward's proposal of purchasing Alaska as a joke?
They called it “Seward's Folly” or “Seward's IceBox” “folly” meaning as a foolish idea or “icebox” as a cold useless place.
What did the US annex?
They annex Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Philippines
Why did the Senate agree to Seward's proposal?
They thought Alaska had the potential for having natural resources, but the house delayed the action for over a year
What did the House call Seward’s proposal?
The “Polar Bear Garden”
Which three countries were interested in the Samoan Islands?
Germany, Britain, and United States
Which two countries exchanged gunfire before a settlement dividing the islands among the three countries?
Germany and United States
In New Orleans, how many and what race was lynched in 1891?
11 Italians were lynched
Due to the lynching in New Orleans, who did America approach a state of war with before a compromise was made?
Italy
In Chile, how many and what race was killed and where?
2 American sailors were killed at the bar in Valparaiso
What did the United States government force the Chileans to do?
The United States forced them to pay money in order to avoid war
What heated argument was going on in Alaska?
There was an argument over seal hunting rights
What two countries fought for a gold-enriched forest?
Great Britain and Venezuela
How was the US involved in the conflict between Britain v.s Venezuela?
Cleveland cited the Monroe Doctrine to keep Britain out of the Western Hemisphere, he then threatened Britain that if they didn't leave they would declare war on them.
After Alaska was purchased by the US government, what did most Americans focus on?
Many Americans focus on rebuilding the country and settling the Western territories, only a focus on this new land.
What type of monarchy was Hawaii led by before it was annexed by the US?
Hereditary Monarchy
Was Hawaii initially a kingdom or country?
It was led by a royal family making it a kingdom
Why did the United States have interest in Hawaii?
They were interested in it mainly because of their strategic location, New England brought missionaries into the island to spread Christianity, and their Sugar Trade.
Who was the tariff that raised Sugar Taxes on foreign sugar in Hawaii?
McKinley Tariff
What was the impact of high rates on sugar in the US because of sugar taxes in Hawaii?
The US underwent economic depression.
What did the Hawaiin sugar growers think of joining the US during the problem of taxation on sugar?
By joining the US they thought the tax problem would go away.
What did Hawaiin sugar planters do to remove the Hawaiin Queen?
They asked help from the US military, and without approval from the president, an American representative raised the US flag in Honolulu forcing the Queen of Hawaii to lose her power.
What was the name of the Hawaii Queen?
Queen Liliuokalani
What was the most common race of the sugar growers in Hawaii?
Americans
Who was the president during the time period of annexation of Hawaii?
President Cleveland
Did Cleveland agree or disagree with the annexation of Hawaii?
He disagreed as he was an anti-imperialist, and thought that the Americans' actions were very shameful in Hawaii.
What did Cleveland try to do after understanding the annexation of Hawaii he didn’t know of before?
He tried to withdraw the annexation as well as issue an investigation and essentially try to restore Liliuokalani to her throne but many Americans wanted to annex Hawaii.
How was Hawaii useful to the war which broke out between Spain and the US?
Hawaii’s naval bases are helpful for being a stop on the way or a rest area when traveling to the Philippines.
Who annexed Hawaii to join the US?
President William McKinley
What state number did Hawaii join as an addition to the US?
Hawaii was the 15th state in 1959
What did the original Monroe Doctrine state?
It stated how if European countries interfere with the Western Hemisphere (South/Northern America) it would be seen as an act of aggression.
What country was the main problem between the US and Spain conflict?
Cuba
Cuba’s people were fighting to be free from what country’s rule?
Spain
Who was the person who was known for his brutal tactics, especially putting Cuban citizens that were suspected of supporting independence into camps?
General Valeriano Weyler
What is “reconcentration”?
It was a policy used by General Valeriano which forced any Cuban citizen that was suspected of supporting independence into camps, in these camps they were poorly treated.
What were some things that citizens experienced during “reconcentration”?
Overcrowded camps lacked proper sanitation, leading to widespread death and disease and malnutrition.
What were yellow journalists?
They were people who exaggerated news that got published, most often did this for profit but the news was always sensational.
Who was Dupuy De Lome?
He was the Spanish minister who wrote a very insulting letter about President McKinley to a friend. The letter was later stolen and published, and the Spanish government apologized.
What happened to the USS Maine from the United States point of view?
They thought that Spain had caused the explosion purposefully killing 258 American sailors.
What was the cry of American imperialists?
“REMEMBER THE MAINE, TO HELL WITH SPAIN”
What was the Teller Amendment?
It promised not to annex islands
Why did McKinley ask the Congress for permission to use force in Cuba?
He wanted to send a message to the world that the US is not interested in American colonization, they are interested in Cuban independence.
What did the US not have in order to go to war with Spain?
They didn’t have a proper military, lack of soldiers, training, and supplies.
How did the weather in Cuba impact the US soldiers arriving?
They wore wool uniforms making it very hot.
When the US military went to Cuba, how was the food?
There was less quality of food for the soldiers.
What is a two ocean navy?
It is a navy that can operate both in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans which was used for protecting their trade routes and territories.
After the Panama Canal was built, what happened to the two ocean navies?
It wasn’t needed anymore because the canal cut right through Central America or directly between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Where were most of the Spanish fleets stationed at?
In the Philippines at the Manila Bay
What was the Battle of the Manila Bay?
The US Navy, which was led by George Davy defeated the Spanish fleet in the Philippines, giving US control over the Philippines.
Who were the Rough Riders?
They were a group of cowboys, college students, and ex-convicts commanded by Leonard Wood and organized by Theodore Roosevelt.
What action did the Rough Riders take during the Cuban campaign?
The Rough Riders, supported by 2 African American groups, charged up San Juan Hill which helped trap the Spanish in Santiago Harbor.
Where did the US forces, which was led by General William Shafter, land in Cuba?
They landed near Santiago
Who was General William Shafter?
He was a US Army officer that led American forces into Cuba during the Spanish-American war.
What was the Treaty of Paris?
Agreement of winning land
What territories did the United States receive as a result of the Treaty of Paris?
Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico
What happened to Cuba after the Treaty of Paris?
It became an independent country
Why was Spain given 20 million dollars, as part of the Treaty of Paris?
To help with the losses of war
What did Anti-Imperalists criticizes about US taking control over the Philippines
They argued that the war was to free Cuba, not to take over the Philippines.
Who led the Filipino rebels against American rule, and what was the conflict?
Emilio Aguinaldo led the Filipino rebels, and the conflict was known as the Philippine Insurrection
Who was Emilo Aguinaldo?
He was a Filipino leader that fought for the Philippines independence from both Spain and later the US.
What was the Philippine Insurrection?
It was a fight between US and Philippines, they wanted independence, not American rule, it was led by Emilio Aguinaldo, and they fought against US forces to gain freedom.
Who were the “Smoked Yankees”?
Cubans called Black Americans who fought with Roosevelt's Rough Riders “the Smoked Yankees”.
Who is Theodore Roosevelt?
He is the assistant secretary navy who decided to attack the Philippines before the US declared war on Spain.
What was one reason in comparison of ships showing the reasoning why the US won and Spain lost?
US used steel ships while Spain used wooden ships
Who created the Roosevelt Corollary?
President Roosevelt
Why was the Monroe Doctrine modified after the Roosevelt Corollary was created?
It was created to protect the western hemisphere from European powers invading, if a country in the western hemisphere was in trouble the US has the right to intervene until they become stable
What was Teddy Roosevelt's motto?
“Speak softly and carry a big stick”
In Teddy Roosevelt’s motto what did the big stick mean?
It was the new American navy
What did “Yankee Imperialism” mean?”
Americans control over countries
What was the Platt Amendment?
Cuba couldn’t make any decisions which could threaten their independence and was controlled by US
What territories did the US get in the Pacific region?
Alaska, Hawaiian American Samoa, Guam, and the Philippines
What was the Open Door Policy?
It was a strategy by the US to make trade free in China prevent other European and other powers excluding the US from trade
What were the Spheres of Influence in China?
Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan
What was the Boxer Rebellion, what did it lead to?
It was a group of Chinese nationalists that attacked foreign businesses/buildings in China, US sent troops to stop it resulting in the group paying 330$ million to US
Who was John Hay?
He was the secretary of state and sent letters asking nations for free trade in China, while some agreed and disagreed, he decided to announce the Open Door Policy.
Why was the US concerned about Japan and Russia during their conflict?
Roosevelt offered a treaty for Japan and Russia to settle on peace and both sides met at Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
What did Roosevelt get for settling peace between Russia and Japan?
He won a Nobel Peace Prize
What was the Gentlemen's Agreement?
The US agrees to end the practice of separate schools in exchange for a promise to limit Japan immigration.
Who took the initiative to create the Panama canal?
Teddy Roosevelt
What was the Root-Takahira Agreement?
The US and Japan agreed to respect each other's territories and interests in the Pacific Ocean and would further work to maintain peace in the region.
What was the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty?
Where neither the US or Britain would build a canal
What made it easy for the US out of US and Britain to build a canal?
Great Britain was occupied with its war in South Africa, tensions with Europe, and having a good relationship with the US.
What was the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty?
It allowed the US to build a canal through Central America securely.
Who was Ferdinand de Lesseps?
He was the engineer behind the Suez Canal
What was the name of the Suez Canal?
It was a attempt by the French to create a canal, but they went through obstacles of disease and they didn't have the money
Why didn’t the US build the canal in Nigurau?
It was because there was volcanic activity there
Why did they build the canal in Panama?
It was narrow and mountainous
What was the Hay-Herran Treaty?
It allowed the US to get a piece of land at an annual fee.
What did the US do as a result of more money for land in the Hay-Herran Treaty?
Roosevelt sent gunboats as he was furious
What was the Hay Bunau Varilla Treaty?
It gave the US a 10 mile strip of land to the US.
What did workers face when building the Panama Canal?
They got sick often by malaria or yellow fever and many died due to the blasts of mountains.
What is isolationism?
Strict and doesn’t involve in foreign affairs very much
What is collective security?
Works with others countries and influence world affairs
What is imperialism?
To conquer smaller countries and serve that nation's interests
What is nationalism?
Intervene in other countries affairs and promote nation's interests
What is the near turn of the 20th century known as?
The Age of Imperialism
Who were the gold workers?
Americans
Who were the silver workers?
Caribbean Black Workers
What was the white man's burden?
It was the responsibility of white people to manage backwards and uncivilized people