Bio MidTerm Review
Page 1: Scientific Method and Metric Conversions
1. Characteristics of Living Things
Possess order (complex organization)
Respond to stimuli (ability to react to changes in environment)
Reproduce (ability to produce new organisms)
Adaptation (ability to adjust to changes through evolution)
Grow and develop (changes in form over time)
Regulation (maintain homeostasis)
Energy processing (ability to convert energy for metabolism)
Evolutionary adaptation (change over generations)
2. Identifying Variables in a Scenario
Independent Variable: The variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment.
Dependent Variable: The variable that is measured or tested in an experiment.
Control: A standard for comparison in an experiment.
Constant: Conditions that are kept the same throughout the experiment.
3. Homeostasis
Definition: The process by which a living organism regulates its internal environment to maintain stable, constant conditions (e.g., body temperature, pH).
Example: Humans sweating to cool down during hot weather.
4. Definition of Biology
Biology: The scientific study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
5. Purpose of Science
To understand the natural world through observation, experimentation, and theoretical explanations.
6. Metric Conversions (Using the Ladder Method)
a. 480 cm = 4.8 m
b. 65 g = 65,000 mg
c. 5 L = 0.5 hL
7. Importance of Repeating Experiments
To verify results and ensure reliability; repetition minimizes the effects of anomalies and increases confidence in findings.
8. Publishing in Peer-Reviewed Journals
Allows for validation of research through critique by experts, ensuring that the study's methodology and conclusions are sound.
9. Advantages of the Metric System
Decimal-based, easier to convert between units, universally accepted, reduces confusion compared to the English system.
Page 2: Biochemistry
1. Water Molecule Illustration
Must draw water molecule (H2O), indicating:
Elements: Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)
Charges: H (+), O (-)
Bond Type: Covalent bonds holding H and O together.
2. Defining Bonds and Polarity
a. Ionic Bond: Electrostatic attraction between charged ions.
b. Covalent Bond: Bond formed when atoms share electrons.
c. Polarity: Distribution of electrical charge over the atoms involved in the bond, leading to positive and negative poles.
3. Definitions and Examples
a. Adhesion: Attraction of water molecules to other substances (e.g., water on a leaf).
b. Cohesion: Attraction of water molecules to each other (e.g., water droplets).
c. Surface Tension: Resistance of the surface of a liquid to penetration (e.g., ability of a water strider to walk on water).
d. Heat Capacity: Quantity of heat needed to change the temperature (e.g., water’s high heat capacity).
e. Universal Solvent: Water dissolves most substances (e.g., salt in water).
4. Solute and Solvent
Solute: Substance dissolved in a solution (e.g., sugar in water).
Solvent: Substance that dissolves the solute (e.g., water).
5. Definition of a Solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances (e.g., saline solution).
6. Subatomic Particles and Their Charges
a. Proton: Positively charged, located in the nucleus.
b. Neutron: Neutral charge, located in the nucleus.
c. Electron: Negatively charged, located in electron shells around nucleus.
7. Enzyme Function
Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in biological systems.
8. Composition of Enzymes
Enzymes are composed of proteins (macromolecules made of amino acids).
9. Macromolecule Chart
Carbohydrate: Monomer - Monosaccharide; Function - Energy storage; Example - Glucose; Elements - C, H, O.
Lipid: Monomer - Glycerol & fatty acids; Function - Long-term energy storage; Example - Oil; Elements - C, H, O.
Protein: Monomer - Amino acids; Function - Structure & function; Example - Hemoglobin; Elements - C, H, O, N.
Nucleic Acid: Monomer - Nucleotides; Function - Genetic information; Example - DNA/RNA; Elements - C, H, O, N, P.
Page 3: Acid/Base Concepts
11. Identification of Macromolecule
Identifying the macromolecule from an image provided (likely DNA, protein, etc.).
12. Solution Producing H+ Ions
This is an example of an acid.
13. Solution Producing OH- Ions
This is an example of a base.
14. Definition of Alkaline
Alkaline refers to substances with a pH greater than 7, indicating basic properties.
15. Substances with pH Above 7
Substances are called alkalis or bases.
16. Substances with pH Below 7
Substances are called acids.
17. Atoms with Different Neutrons
Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are called isotopes.
18. pH Measurement
pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
19. Macromolecule with Peptide Bonds
Peptide bonds join proteins.
20. Finding Protons, Neutrons, & Electrons in Nitrogen
a. Protons: 7
b. Neutrons: 7 (atomic mass 14 - atomic number 7)
c. Electrons: 7 (same as protons in neutral atom).
21. Definition of Element
Element: A pure substance consisting of one type of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
22. Metric Conversion Examples
Specific conversions using the metric conversion chart.
Page 4: Cells & Photosynthesis/Respiration
1. Three Parts of Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of life.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
2. Skin Cell in Hypertonic Solution
A skin cell placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink due to water leaving the cell.
3. Skin Cell in Hypotonic Solution
A skin cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell or burst due to water entering the cell.
4. Definition of Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (e.g., perfume spreading in a room).
5. Definition of Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
6. Venn Diagram for Plant and Animal Cells
Differences:
Plant cells have cell walls; animal cells do not.
Plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis; animal cells do not.
Plant cells tend to be larger than animal cells.
Similarities:
Both have cell membranes.
Both contain organelles.
Both undergo cellular respiration.
7. Is a Virus Living?
A virus is not considered living because it cannot replicate without a host cell.
8. Robert Hooke’s Contribution
Robert Hooke discovered cells by observing cork under a microscope, coining the term "cell".
9. Active vs Passive Transport
Diffusion is classified as passive transport (does not require energy).
10. Difference between Active and Passive Transport
Active Transport: Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requiring energy.
Passive Transport: Movement along the concentration gradient, does not require energy.
11. Functions of Cellular Organelles
a. Cell Membrane: Protective barrier, regulates what enters/exits the cell.
b. Ribosome: Protein synthesis.
c. Nucleus: Holds genetic material (DNA); control center of the cell.
d. Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
e. Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP.
f. Lysosome: Contains digestive enzymes for breaking down waste.
g. Vacuole: Storage of substances.
h. Nucleolus: Produces ribosome components.
i. Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
Page 5: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
12. Definition of Autotroph
Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food from sunlight (e.g., plants).
13. Definition of Heterotroph
Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain food by consuming other organisms (e.g., animals).
14. Photosynthesis Formula
Formula: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Reactants: Carbon dioxide and water.
15. Cellular Respiration Formula
Formula: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP.
16. Reactants for Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
17. Reactants for Cellular Respiration
Glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2).
18. Composition of ATP
ATP is made of adenosine (adenine + ribose) and three phosphate groups.
19. Definition of Prokaryote
Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms without a nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
20. Definition of Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have nuclei (e.g., plants, animals, fungi).
21. Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Products of photosynthesis serve as reactants for cellular respiration, showing a cycle of energy flow.
22. ATP Production in Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration produces approximately 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
23. Scientists Behind Cell Theory
Scientists like Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow contributed to the development of the cell theory.
Page 6: Cell Division
1. Identifying Phases of Mitosis
Know the phases of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
2. Identifying Cellular Structures in Mitosis
a. Centriole: Involved in cell division.
b. Spindle Fiber: Help separate chromosomes.
c. Chromosome: Carries genetic information.
d. Chromatin: Uncoiled DNA.
e. Chromatid: Each half of chromosome during mitosis.
f. Centromere: Region where chromatids are joined.
g. Daughter Cells: Resulting cells after mitosis.
3. Cells Undergoing Mitosis
Somatic (body) cells undergo mitosis.
4. Purpose of Cell Division
For growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues.
5. Cells Produced in Mitosis
Two identical daughter cells are produced at the end of mitosis.
6. Cells Undergoing Meiosis
Germ cells undergo meiosis.
7. Cells Produced in Meiosis
Four non-identical daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis.
8. Phases of Mitosis in Order
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
9. Longest Phase of Cell Cycle
Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle.
10. Phase of DNA Replication
DNA replicates during the S phase of interphase.
11. Labeling a Chromosome
Be able to draw and label chromosome structures including a centromere and chromatids.
12. Definition of Crossing Over
Crossing over: The process during prophase I of meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing genetic diversity.
Page 7: Genetics
1. Another Word for Homozygous
Homozygous: Purebred (having identical alleles for a trait).
2. Another Word for Heterozygous
Heterozygous: Hybrid (having different alleles for a trait).
3. Offspring Genetics in Bunnies
If a homozygous fluffy tail (FF) is mated with a rough tail (ff), 100% of the baby bunnies will have a fluffy tail (all will be Ff).