CMS 302: Foundations of Communication Research - Meaning and Features of Scientific Research

Etymological Roots and Technical Meaning of Research

The etymology of the word research is widely agreed upon by scholars to have originated from the Old French term "recerchier." This term is a compound word constructed from two distinct components: the prefix "$re$" and the root word "$cerchier$." Within the French language, the term "$cerchier$" translates to the action of searching. The prefix "$re$," which functions similarly in both French and English, denotes the concept of repetition or doing something once more. Consequently, in a literal sense, research translates to the act of searching again and again. This linguistic origin underscores the rigorous, thorough, and continuous nature of searching for a solution until one is successfully identified.

While the literal definition focuses on the act of searching, research carries a more specific technical meaning within academia. It is categorized as a method of knowing or a method of enquiry. In this technical context, it is the primary procedure through which knowledge is formally acquired and validated.

Diverse Scholarly Definitions of Scientific Research

Scholars worldwide have defined research in various ways, reflecting its complexity as a method of enquiry. For instance, a query posed to Genspark AI ($2.0$) regarding the diverse definitions of research highlights several foundational perspectives. Kerlinger ($1973$) defines scientific research as a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation into hypothetical propositions regarding the presumed relationships among various natural phenomena. Burns ($1994$) offers a more streamlined definition, describing research as a systematic investigation intended to find specific answers to identified problems.

Other scholars focus on the utility and purpose of the information gathered. Creswell ($2014$) characterizes research as a process involving discrete steps used to collect and analyze information for the purpose of increasing human understanding of a specific topic or issue. Similarly, Leedy and Ormrod ($2010$) state that research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information to enhance understanding of a phenomenon that is of particular interest or concern. Finally, Best and Kahn ($2006$) define research as the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations, which may ultimately lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories.

Analysis of Conceptual Definitions in Scientific Literature

There is a notable variation in how researchers approach the definition of their field, a phenomenon often referred to as the politics of conceptual definitions. Certain researchers, such as Kerlinger ($1973$), prioritize the specific attributes or features of the concept in their formal definitions. In contrast, other scholars, like Leedy and Ormrod ($2010$), place their primary emphasis on the procedural aspects—specifically the activities and steps involved in the conduct of research itself.

This variation serves as a critical reminder to emerging scholars that technical terminologies often lack a single, universally accepted definition. Conceptual definitions are varied and are frequently influenced by the unique academic and professional backgrounds of the scholars crafting them. In the context of conducting a literature review, researchers intentionally select specific definitions or conceptualize terms to provide a convincing frame or perspective. This strategic conceptualization allows researchers to dictate the specific lens through which they want the audience to understand an issue.

Core Distinguishing Features of Research as a Systematic Inquiry

Based on various scholarly definitions and the historical background of the term, the most significant distinguishing characteristic of research is its identity as a systematic search for solutions to problems. Several specific features differentiate research from other forms of inquiry. First, research is systematic, meaning it is conducted in a methodical and highly structured manner. Second, it is characterized by empiricism; research must be based on observable evidence rather than mere speculation. Third, objectivity is essential, requiring that the research be based on unbiased observations to ensure the integrity of the findings.

Furthermore, research is cumulative in nature. This means that every new piece of research serves as an extension of previously documented and existing knowledge rather than an isolated effort. Finally, a hallmark of scientific research is replicability. This feature ensures that the research and its results can be verified by other scientists or researchers who follow the exact same methods and procedures originally established by the primary investigator.

Relationship Between Research and Alternative Methods of Knowing

While the specific features of scientific research distinguish it from other ways of acquiring knowledge, it is not entirely independent of them. Scientific research is a distinct method of enquiry, but in practice, other methods such as intuition, authority, and logic (rationalism) play vital roles in ensuring a successful research output. For example, research topics are frequently the result of a researcher's instincts or intuition as they meditate on specific issues or problems.

Additionally, researchers must frequently rely on the work of established authorities to build convincing arguments and to contextualize their own findings. Logic and rationalism are equally fundamental, as the presentation of convincing arguments depends on the researcher’s ability to make rational judgments based on the facts gathered during the study. Therefore, while scientific research is a unique method of knowing, it functions in tandem with these other intellectual tools.