regulatory systems U.4 L.7

forms of regulation include voluntary and involuntary

• voluntary : change made as a result of choice or free will (some responses to decreased temp. are voluntary - you can wear a sweater)

• involuntary : changes made in order to maintain homeostais that involve a chemical or nervous system responses (all control systems involve sensors, controls and effectors, bodies generate heat by muscular contraction)

osmotic regulation : the process of maintaining salt/water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body

• the fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes and nonelectrolytes

• kidneys are the main osmoregulatory organs

• they function to filter blood and maintain the dissolved ion concentrations of body fluids

hormonal regulation : the process of maintaining the hormones in the body/blood by the endocrine system

• hormones are released directly by an endocrine gland or indirectly through the action of the hypothalamus of the brain which stimulates other endocrine glands to release hormones

• primarily controlled by negative feedback systems

nervous regulation : the major controlling, regulatory system in the body

• the center of all mental activity including thought, learning and memory

• together with the endocrine system, responsible for regulating/maintaining homeostasis

• through its receptors, the nervous system keeps us in touch with our environment, both external and internal

immune : the sympathetic nervous system, neuroendocrine regulation of immune function is essential for survival during stress or infection and to modulate immune responses in inflammatory disease