Wetland Exam

1. Stromatolites produced this gas 2 billion years ago and radically changed the compost ion of the atmosphere. 

   1. carbon dioxide 

   2. Oxygen 

   3. Nitrogen 

   4. Argon 

2. Photosynthesis (CO2 uptake) by plants is accompanied by the loss of  

   1. organic matter 

   2. Water 

   3. Carbohydrates 

   4. nitrogen 

3. Carbon storage is soils is facilitated if the soil is inundated by water. 

   1. True 

4. At tropical latitudes carbon storage in __________ is more important than at higher latitudes   

   1. Biomass 

   2. Soils 

   3. rocks 

5. WUE = mmoles of CO2 fixed/moles of H2O lost. For most plants ranges from? 

   1.  0.9 to 1.5 mmol/mol 

   2. 0.1 to 0.4 mmol/mol 

   3. 100 to 1000 mmol/mol 

6. Net Ecosystem Production (NEP)  is  

   1. Net Primary Production - Heterotrophic Respiration 

7. If is soil is flooded with water, the diffusion of oxygen into the soil is   xxxxxx times slower than if the soil was under air. 

   1. 10,000 

Pickleweed 

9. A location (s) where there has been a loss of carbon from the surface of the earth to the atmosphere is  (net ecosystem production) include 

   1. the prairie of Nebraska 

   2. Hudson Bay lowlands 

   3. Everglades Agricultural Area 

   4. both A and C 

10. When the prairie is tilled... 

    1. it loses organic matter from increase soil respiration (decomposition) 

11. Peaks in wetlands as a function of latitude are found at these latitudes/ 

    1. 0 and 60 degrees 

12. The rhizosphere is important for these kinds of weathering 

    1. Mechanical 

    2. Biological 

    3. chemical 

13. Three kinds of weathering are  

    1. fluid abrasion, chemical and vegetative 

14. How does the rhizosphere affect soil formation? 

    1.  root pry 

    2. Root respiration generates higher CO2 belowground which being acidic dissolves the rocks 

    3. The roots release organic matter 

    4. all answers are correct 

15. During the glacial to interglacial transition that occurred starting 18-20,000 years ago CO2 concentration in the atmosphere changed from xxx ppmv to xxxx ppmv 

    1. 180 to 280 

16. What was the effect of the glacial to interglacial transitions on peatlands, how much carbon went into that reservoir from the Pleistocene to the Holocene? 

    1. they grew in as the glaciers retreated and gained 500 GT of C 

17. Porosity is defined as 

    1. total volume/pore space volume 

    2. pore space volume/total volume 

    3. Is always less than 1 

    4. is generally greater than 1 

18.  A confining unit is the same thing as an aquitard 

    1. true 

19. The boundary between the vadose zone and the saturated zone is called the 

    1. Water table 

20. The potentiometric surface of water in a confined aquifer may rise above the surface of the local water table 

    1. True 

21. If the potentiometric surface is below the local water table this will result 

    1. Sinkhole 

22. Marsh or wetland as a depression receiving groundwater flow 

    1. discharge wetland 

23. influenced by adjacent stream or river 

    1. Riparian wetland 

24. Supplied nutrients from flowing water 

    1. Rheotrophic 

25. Rheotrophic 

26. What caused the decline of the swamp species from 1976 to 2004 

    1. Too dry conditions 

27. What do tupelo seedlings need to grow tall quickly? 

    1. Saturated soils 

28. What happens when the amount of trees decreases? 

    1.  Less canopy coverage 

    2. More sunlight reaches the ground 

    3. Drier soils allow for more groundcover 

    4. All of the above 

29. What dominates the detritus in the system? 

    1. Tupelo Leaf Litter 

30. What habitat is most important for fishing? 

    1. Off channel sloughs 

31. Species diversity is greater in freshwater marshes than in salt marshes 

    1. True