Units 3 + 4 Notes



PERIOD 3: 1754-1800



I.  Road to Revolution 

Effects of the French & Indian War

  • increased war debts

    • need to exploit US economy + mercantilism to raise up economy

    • abandons salutary neglect, enforced navigation acts more seriously

    • starts taxing colonies


  • greater land access to Britain but they forbid colonists from expanding

    • they were left broke from the FI war and don’t have the funds to protect them from NA when they are expanding

    • colonists feel entitled to the land because they helped fight in the war

Stamp Act

  • tax on paper goods- paper, newspaper, stamps

  • people enraged because they were not given voice in Parliament on the taxes they receive

    • GB rule feels tyrannical


“No taxation without representation” 

  • inspired by the Stamp act, ppl wanted representation in Parliament for acts

Tea Party & Intolerable Acts

  • pushed people to want their independence + into revolution


Intolerable acts: quartering acts intensified, GB closes down the Boston Harbor, reduced Mass gov power



II. Declaration of Independence

Thomas Paine & Common Sense

  • argues that its common sense to declare independence for colonists

  • they deserved the right of self autonomy

Enlightenment ideals

  • 3 branches of gov

  • right to rebel

  • natural rights

Grievances against King George III

  • tyrannical ruler

  • united the 9 colonies




III. Revolution

“Republican Motherhood”

  • gender role given to women, their role in society is the raise virtuous, educated children to actively participate in the new republic

  • gave them a more active role, increase their literacy rates

Key Turning Point: Saratoga

  • huge win for colonists against all odds

  • convinces French to join the war on the colonists’ side + eventually the Spanish

  • ultimately leads to colonist W in the war

Treaty of Paris

  • treaty after colonists’s win

  • British succeeds land to colonists

Effects of the War

  • American is given land for westward expansion

  • new gov raises questions on slavery and universal suffrage

  • questions on the amount of power given to federal gov





IV. Articles of Confederation

Basic Structure

  • gives too much power to the state govs so that the fed gov is virtually ineffective

Accomplishments

  • united the 9 colonies under 1 “gov”

  • prevented the fed gov from being tyrannical

Weaknesses

  • central gov was way to weak: could not tax ppl, control regions and their competitive tariffs against each other, organize a military to protect citizens, push out the GB still occupying colonist land

Shays’ Rebellion

  • war veterans angry that they were not paid back their money during the war, start a revolt

  • the military is unorganized, ppl realize that the gov is too weak to protect civilians




V. Constitution 

Constutitional Principles & Compromises

  • principles:

    • 3 branches of gov, unalienable rights, right to rebel

    • mainly based on Enlightenment ideals

  • compromises:

    • Great compromise: bicameral legislature

      • between VA (representation # based on population) and NJ plan (equal representation across all colonies)

      • HoR will be based on population, Senate will be equal

    • 3/5ths Compromise

      • Southern states wanted more representation, argued that their enslaved population should count towards southern state representation

Federalists vs. Antifederalists

  • Hamilton vs Jeffersons

  • Feds believed that the fed gov should be centralized and have more power

  • Antifeds feared tyranny and wanted a delocalized gov- they wanted a Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights

  • allows rights to be amended to the Constitution

  • compromise for the ratification



VI. 1790s

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

  • Hamilton proposes a National Bank that will nationalize currency and give commercial loans, federally manages

  • antifeds believe that this gives gov too much power over the economy

Proclamation of Neutrality

  • Washington signs this proclamation to prevent US from getting involved in foreign wars

Jay’s Treaty

  • treaty with Britain to

Washington’s Farewell Address

  • warns US that they need to be careful of their participation in foreign wars

Alien & Sedition Acts

  • gov prohibits antifederalist public support

1st Two Party System: Federalists vs. Republicans

  • 2 emerging parties arguing about the interpretation of the constitution








PERIOD 4: 1800-1848



I.  Jefferson 

“Revolution of 1800”


Louisiana Purchase

  • TJ buys Louisiana from France without congressional approval

  • some see it as a breach of federal power and against TJ’s values of restraining fed power

    • TJ just believes that fed power must be limited and can regain power when necessary for the greater good

Embargo Act

  • TJ tries to get back at GB and France for not respecting US neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars

  • bans trade with foreign nations

  • hurts the US economy- embarrassing





II. War of 1812

Causes

  • GB keeps taking US sailors to fight in their Navy

  • funding NA to attack American settlers

Effects

  • Feds are very against the war, believes that the US will lose

  • US “wins” 2 for 2

    • everyone sees federalists as traitors - the death of their party

  • sparks national pride + good feelings

  • makes ppl realize that they need a better transportation system

Nationalism & Era of Good Feelings

  • run by Demoreps with Prez Monroe

  • era focused on foreign policies, transportation systems, and economic growth

    • Monroe Doctrine

    • Canals, RRs, federally funded highways

Antifeds: Hamilton not political factor, just political party in the

  • want bill of rights to safeguard centralized

  • 1st National Bank



  • Republicans - Jefferson

III. Key Policies/Decisions/Trends

Marshall Court

  • Adam’s Midnight appointments- appoints a federalist judge last minute into gov to preserve federalism

  • Madison witholds this guy’s salary

  • court deems that Madison doesn’t have to return the money but also that the Judicial branch has judicial review and interpret the constitution

Monroe Doctrine 9but he had it remove)

  • US declares that Western Hemisphere is off limit to Euro spheres of influence

  • rise in world power stage- domination

Early Industrialization & Innovation

Market Revolution

    Causes:

  • More factories- steam powered engines so factories can be put anywhere

  • assembly system + interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney)

  • better transportation that linked regions + production lines

Effects:

  • regional economies become interdependent thru agriculture, industry, and transportation

  • grows US foreign trade/ exports

  • created middle class + separate spheres of familial responsibilities

  • immigration from Europe and from farmers into urban centers → cheap labor

Missouri Compromise

  • growing sectionalist tensions between North and South

  • South is worried that the introduction of MO as a free state will hurt the balance of free and enslaved states in government

  • Clay introduces MO Compromise: ME enters as free, MO enters as slave state

Sectionalism & Growth of Slavery

  • Growth of Slavery caused by introduction of cotton gin, efficiently separating fibers of cotton

    • increases cotton demands and slave labor

  • the smaller population of slave owners justified and united the south on slavery with white supremacy

  • US economies grow interdependent and connection, but North and South divide on opinions on slavery





IV. Jackson 

Election of 1824 vs. 1828

2nd Two Party System: Democrats vs. Whigs

  • Democrats believed in reduced federal power

Jacksonian Democracy

  • rise in the common man- increasing voting rights of ppl who didn’t own property

Spoils System & Rotation in Office

  • Jackson rewarded his followers with positions in government

Bank Veto

  • Jackson vetoes the national bank, believing that it has too much control over the economy and the people

Indian Removal

  • Jackson displays overreach of federal power by overriding the Worcester v Georgia decision that Indian Removal act was unconstitutional

    • continues to kick out many NA tribes from the east thru the trail of tears

Nullification Crisis

  • gov passes the Abomination acts that protect northern industries but hurt the Southern economy and raise their cost of living

  • SC sees this as unconstitutional, and threatens to leave the Union if they do not repeal it

  • Jackson uses federal power by sending troops to SC to collect those taxes







V. Antebellum Reform

2nd Great Awakening

  • inspired by Romanticism

  • SOCIETAL reform, public preaching and saving US from the sins of alcoholism and slavery

  • rise of the common man- diverse range of ppl participating + leading organizations

Temperance Movement

  • middle class targeted lower class

  • passes a bunch of bans on alcoholic creation and consumption

Abolition Movement

  • mainly in the North- freeing black people in the Northh

  • the Liberator- abolitionist paper

Women’s Rights Movement

  • Seneca Falls Convention

  • Declaration of Sentiments- arguing for the same rights + equality in all aspects of life: jobs, home, economy









    Unit 3 Blurt

    Growing tensions between colonists and British as a result of abandoning salutary neglect after French and Indian War, GB realizes they need to collect more money to save their failing economy

    • turns to American colonies

  • Mercantilism- belief that the purpose of the colonies is to serve the mother country

    • Navigation Acts- closed trade of colonists to only Britain

  • colonists already had their own taste of independency with their local charters and House of Burgesses, believed that they could handled running the country themselves

    • GB was too far away to effectively control this huge land


  • Stamp Act: lead to the “no taxation without representation”, colonists angry that they have no representative in Parliament

    • tax on papers, stamps, printed items

  • Tensions grow with Tea Act and Intolerable Acts

    • Intolerable acts: more intense Quartering Act, close down Boston Harbor until the tea is all paid back






  • III. Revolution

    • “Republican Motherhood”

    • Key Turning Point: Saratoga

    • Treaty of Paris

    • Effects of the War

    • American now has to figure out how to create new gov

    • economy kind of wrecked




IV. Articles of Confederation

  • Basic Structure

    • too weak and ineffective

    • decentralized gov, too much state rights

    • each state got 1 vote, no executive branch to enforce laws

    • could not raise a military - displayed by the Shay’s Rebellion

    • could not collect + raise taxes - the American economy was worsening

  • Accomplishments

    • kept the colonies connected + successful in the revolution

    • added new states to the union

    • negotiated the Treaty of Paris

  • Weaknesses

  • Shays’ Rebellion



  • Constutitional Principles & Compromises

    • bicameral branch

    • The great compromise- 3/5 votes and voting representation in House of Rep and Senate

  • Federalists vs. Antifederalists

  • Bill of Rights


  • Hamilton’s Economic Plan

    • create a national bank- antifederalist scared that gov control over economy is bad

  • Proclamation of Neutrality

    • US declares their international proc of Neutrality

  • Jay’s Treaty

    • finally pushes out Britain forts in the west

  • Washington’s Farewell Address

    • warns to not let sectional tensions divide the country

    • don’t get too involved in international politics

  • Alien & Sedition Acts

    • Jefferson makes it illegal to speak out against federalist government

  • 1st Two Party System: Federalists vs. Republicans



Unit 4:

TJ: originally promised to decrease gov involvement in the economy, but ignores this in the Embargo Act

  • places a ban on trade with Britain and France because they don’t respect US neutrality

  • ppl say this as federal overreach, controlling the economy

Policies: Government expands federal power

  • Marbury v. Madison- establishes judicial review as the court is the final interpreters of the Constitution

  • McCullough v. Maryland- the state does not have power to tax the federal bank on their land

    • uses elasticity clause

2nd Great Awakening- response to Enlightenment ideas spreading

  • purpose: personal salvation, supported abolitionism, temperance, women’s rights, educational reform

Policies: Era of Good Feelings + DemoReps

  • focused on RRs, canals, foreign policy (Monroe Doctrine), and economic growth

The Rise of the Common Man + Jacksonian Democracy:

  • Jackson expands suffrage to white males, abolishes the requirement of owning land in order to vote

  • rotating his supported in office + giving them political opportunities

  • congress passes the Tariff of Abominations that southerners oppose, South Carolina threaten to succeed because it favors the north

    • Jackson sends federal troops to the state to forcefully collect their taxes

Market Revolution

  • result of machinery efficiency + factory lines

  • mass production of goods → consumerism + industrialization in the North

Growth of Slavery

  • sparked by the creation of the cotton gin: increased efficiency in cotton production → larger need for enslaved labor

  • the south unified the rich planters and poorer whites through white supremacy in order to maintain support for slavery in the south

    • raised with the belief that enslavement was justified through racial superiority

Westward Migration

  • growing tensions with Native Americans and settlers

  • white encroachment

  • driven by economic incentives and Manifest Destiny

Railroads

  • RR given lots of funding and land area by the government to expand its reach west, connected East to West

  • connected the regions through a trade line

    • encouraged westward expansion of farms

  • much more efficient compared to previous forms of transportation

  • led to land arguments between colonists and Native Americans

  • farmers hated them, they held a monopoly+ total control of the costs to ship out agricultural goods