biology

Biology

  • 2 major ways that molecules can be moved across a cell membrane
  • The distinction has to do with whether or not cell energy is used
  • Passive transport (no energy needed)
  • Active transport (energy needed)
  • Passive transport molecules travel down the concentration gradient from high to low
  • Active transport travel against the concentration gradient from low to high
  • 2 different types of diffusion
  • Higher concentration of molecules outside the cell than inside the cell
  • Diffusion molecules travel across the membrane
  • Simple diffusion molecules travel down their concentration gradient through the membrane but these molecules need to be small and nonpolar
  • facilitated diffusion go through a channel protein
  • Osmosis is the movement of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane
  • The important thing to remember is that osmosis is the movement of water not the particles dissolved in the water
  • For example if you split a beaker of water into two halves with a semi-permeable membrane in the middle and added salt to one the water would move from the side of the beaker with no salt until both concentrations are the same
  • Facilitated diffusion is diffusion that is helped along by a membrane
  • The difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas is called the concentration gradient the bigger the different the steeper the concentration gradient
  • Passive transport is a automatic movement
  • Active transport is not a automatic movement and needs energy to move through and against the concentration gradient

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TERM 3

  • A- Adenine

  • T- Thymine

  • C- Cytosine

  • G- Guanine

  • Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.

  • 2 main processes- translation and transcription

  • Muscle cells are joined together to form a tissue and are a part of an organ.

  • Multicellular organisms have a hierarchical structure of organizations of cells, tissues,

  • Stems cells- muscles cells, fat cells, bone cells, blood cells. Sex cells, skin cells

  • Four basic types of tissues

  • Epithelial are responsible for protecting surfaces

  • connective tissue support and bind

  • Muscle are able to contract

  • Nervous tissue can detect stimuli and transmit messages.

  • Parts of the heart

  • Vena cava

  • Brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart (right atrium)

  • pulmonary artery

  • Deoxygenated blood from the heart ( right ventricle) to the lungs

  • pulmonary vein

  • Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart ( left atrium)

  • Aorta

  • Oxygenated blood from the heart ( left ventricle) to the body

  • cycle of blood

  • Body cells > vena cava > right atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > left atrium > left ventricle > aorta > body cells

  • 3 blood vessels

  • arteries, veins, capillaries

  •  function of arteries

  • carry blood away from the heart at high pressure

  •  structure of arteries  

  • Thick muscular walls to withstand pressure

  •  function of veins

  • carry blood to the heart at low pressure

  •  structure of veins

  • Thin muscular wall with valves

  •  purpose of valves

  • prevent backflow

  •  function of capillaries?

  • Efficient exchange of gasses

  •  structure of capillaries

  • narrow vessels with thin walls, forming networks at tissues, large surface area

  •  What does blood transport?

  • Oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide

  •  What does the blood contain ?

  • plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

  •  What is the function of red blood cells?

  • Transport oxygen, specialized with biconcave shape and no nucleus, contain hemoglobin

  •  function of white blood cells?

  • fight off pathogens

  •  What are the two cells involved with white blood cells?

  • Phagocytes- carry out phagocytosis by engulfing pathogens

  • Lymphocytes- produces antibodies which destroy pathogens

  •  What is the function in hemoglobin?

  • Contains iron and binds with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

  •  What are the key structures of the villus?

  • Thin cell layer - allows for quick diffusion

  • Blood capillary - transports glucose and amino acids

  • Lacteal - transports fatty acids and glycerol

  •  What are the key structures of the lungs?

  • Trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli , capillary

  •  What are the structures of the trachea?

  • Rings of cartilage

  • Mucus

  • Cilia

  •  What are the functions of each structure in the trachea?

  • Rings of cartilage- keeps airways open

  • Mucus - traps dirt and microorganisms

  • Cilia - tiny hair like structures, moves mucus up and away from the lungs

  •  What is the pathway of air into the lungs?

  • Trachea > bronchus > bronchiole > alveoli > capillary

  •  What are some features that increase efficiency around the lungs?

  • Large surface area - many air sacs

  • One cell thick - quick diffusion

  • Moist lining - allows oxygen to dissolve and diffuse quicker

  • Extensive blood supply/many blood capillaries - rapid transport of oxygen

  •  What changes happen to your breathing muscles, rib cage, lung volume and pressure when you inhale?

  • Breathing muscles = contract

  • Rib cage = up and out

  • Volume = increases

  • Pressure = decreases

  •  What happens to your breathing muscles, rib cage, lung volume and pressure when you exhale?

  • Breathing muscles = relax

  • Rib cage = down and in

  • Volume =. Decreases

  • Pressure = increases

 

Digestive System

  •     Four main process

  • Ingestion - taking food into our body

  • Digestion- chemical or mechanical

  • absorption - small molecule products enter the bloodstream

  • egestion  - leaving the body

  •  Food is a mixture of many substances

  • Macromolecules

  • Carbohydrates

  • Proteins

  • lipids

  •  Lipid broken down by lipase

  • Carbohydrates broken down by amylases

  • Protein broken down  by proteases

\ Excretion

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  • Animals excrete things that include carbon dioxide  and nitrogen

  • Feces are not considered a waste because they are produced by a metabolic reaction mostly undigested food

  • Respiratory system responsible for getting rid of carbon dioxide

  • Skin is responsible for removing water, salts, urea

  • Vena cava

  • Aorta

  • Renal vein

  • Renal artery

  • Kidney

  • Ureter

  • Bladder

  • Urethra

  • Blood passes through the kidneys and is filtered and the blood that comes out of that oxygenated comes through the renal vein and is deoxygenated.

  • Kidney

  • Produces urine to remove nitrogen - containing waste

  • Ureter

  • Transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder

  • Bladder

  • Stores urine

  • Urethra

  • Transports urine out of the bladder during urination

  • Each day the kidney filters about 180L of plasma

  • And most is reabsorbed

  • MEANING about 1L of urine output

  • Kidney tissue consists of 3 distinct regions

  • Medulla (inner region)

  • Coretex (outer region)

  • Pelvis (top of ureter)

  • The kidneys help to maintain the body's internal chemical balance by adjusting the composition of the fluid excreted

  • Nephrons are the structure that permits nitrogen containing waste to be removed by the kidney

  • Blood flows in through the renal artery and into the glomerulus it's a sack of capillaries

  • Capillaries are one cell thick. Surface area

  • Plasma comes out of the glomerulus and goes through the nephron

  • Blood plasma leaves the glomerulus and enters the bowmans capsule

  • High pressure

  • Pores in the capillaries

  • Waste filtered out of the glomerulus is called glomerular filtrate

  • Contains

  • Water

  • Urea

  • Glucose

  • Ions

  • Reabsorption

  • Substances the body still requires are reabsorbed back into the nephron

  • This includes

  • Glucose

  • Most water

  • Sodiums ions

  • Amino acids

  • Glomerulus

  • A cluster of capillaries with tiny pores in their walls

  • The cowmans capsules

  • Cupe shaped and hollow

  • Proximal tubule

  • Tube like

\ \ \ Plants

  • Epidermis

  • Found near root tips

  • Xylem

  • Inside stem is made up of tube like cells called xylem vessels

  • Mesophyll

  • In the leaves made up of spongy mesophyll cells

  • Reproductive

  • In a flower- cells in ovary produce ova

  • Near root tips epidermis is one cell thick layer of tissue that include hair cells that have an extension to maximize uptake of water and minerals from soil

  • Chains of xylem vessels structure of xylem in the stem allows the transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the other parts of the plant

  • The function of the leaf is to carry out photosynthesis

  • It is able to take place in leaves because mesophyll tissue contains cells with many chloroplasts

  • Monocot

  • Seed

  • One cotyledon

  • Root

  • Fibrous roots

  • Vascular

  • Scattered

  • Stomata lets in carbon dioxide

  • Closed at night due to no sun, open during the day

  • Osmosis

  • Diffusion of water across a cell membrane high - low

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