APUSH: Period 5

Manifest Destiny

  • Concept created by John O’Sullivan

  • The god-given right for Americans to expand westward across the rest of the continent

  • Idea promoted by James K.Polk 

    • “54/40 or fight”

      • Called for expansion westward

  • California Gold Rush

    • Led many settlers to travel westward in search of gold and wealth

  • Annexation of Texas

    • Texas wanted to join the Union

    • Congress worried that it would upset the balance of free and slave states

    • Texas was annexed 1845 by president Polk-1845

Mexican American War

  • Mexico stilled viewed Texas as a part of Mexico

  • Wilmot Proviso (1846)

    • Created by David Wilmot

    • Banned slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican-American war

    • Was rejected and signified the sectional tensions within the time as well as a factor leading to the civil war

  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

    • Ended the Mexican-American War

    • Expanded US territory

      • Gave US California, New Mexico, and the Southwest

    • Southern border was finalized through the Gadsden purchase

Debates About Slavery

  • Free-soil party

    • Wanted to prevent slavery from expanding into the new territories

  • White southerners wanted to expand slavery

  • Compromise of 1850

    • Negotiated by Henry Clay

    • Settled border dispute between Texas and New Mexico

    • California entered as a free state

    • popular sovereignty was practiced in both Utah and New Mexico

    • Banned slave trade in Washington D.C

    • Stricter fugitive slave law

      • 1850 Fugitive Slave Law

        • Required the return of enslaved Africans to their enslavers

        • Angered Northerners 

  • Kansas-Nebraska Act-1854

    • Allowed for popular sovereignty in both Kansas and Nebraska

    • Nullified the Missouri Compromise

      • Slavery could be allowed above the 36 30 line

  • Bleeding Kansas

    • Series of violent civil confrontations in the Kansas territory

  • Led to the creation of the republican party

    • Did not want to expand slavery to western territories

  • Harriet Tubman

    • Helped slaves escape through the Underground Railroad

  • Harriet Beecher Stowe

    • Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin

    • Raised awareness about the cruelty of enslavement

  • George Fitzhugh

    • Wrote the “Universal Law of Slavery”

    • White southerner who advocated for slavery

    • Stated that slaves were better off and happier being slaves

  • Dred Scott v Sanford (1857)

    • Declared that African Americans were not citizens and therefore could not sue in court

    • Basically declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

  • Harper’s Ferry Raid

    • Led by John Brown

      • Was an abolitionist

    • Attempt to arm a slave rebellion

    • Increased sectional tensions

      • South feared that the North would resort to violence to end slavery

Economic Differences

  • North

    • Relied on manufacturing and industries

  • South

    • Farming and cash crops

      • Cotton farming

    • Heavy reliance on slavery

1860 Presidential Election

  • Lincoln(Republican) ran on a free soil platform 

    • Slavery would not expand into the new territories gained

  • Final straw for Southerners into succession

    • If Lincoln (republican)won the South would secede

  • Lincoln won the election without receiving a single Southern vote

    • Became the first republican president

  • South Carolina secedes followed by 6 more Southern states

Confederate States of America

  • Formed by the states that seceded from the union

  • Led by president Jefferson Davis

Civil War

  • Advantages for the North

    • Larger population

    • Navy

    • Control of the banks and money

    • More infrastructure and roads

  • Advantages for the South

    • Led by Robert E. Lee

      • Better military leaders

  • Major battles

    • Battle of Fort Sumter (1861)

      • First battle of the Civil War

    • Battle of Bull Run (1861)

      • Showed both sides that the war cannot be easily won

    • Battle of Antietam (1862)

      • Bloodiest single day in battle

      • Discouraged foreign aid

      • Lincoln passed the Emancipation Proclamation after this battle

        • Freed slaves in states in open rebellion

    • Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

      • Gained Union access to Mississippi river

    • Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

      • Turning point of the war

      • Ended southern attempts to invade the North

      • Gettysburg Address (1863)

        • Famous speech by Lincoln

        • Promoted equality and freedom

  • Atlanta Campaign

    • General Sherman used total war to cut down southern morale and supply

  • Appomattox

    • Robert E. Lee surrenders

Lincoln

  • Wanted to preserve the Union

  • Created a draft for the war

    • Conscription act(1863)

      • Was used to draft even more troops

  • Limited civil liberties during the war

    • Anyone against the war effort could be arrested

    • Went against habeas corpus

  • Passed the emancipation proclamation after the battle at Antietam

    • Freed slaves in states in open rebellion

    • Officially made the war about slavery

    • Allowed African Americans to join the Union army

  • Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth (1863)

    • Ended Lincoln’s plan at Reconstruction

    • Ended the South’s more lenient consequences of reconstruction

Reconstruction

  • Radical republicans

    • Wanted to ensure civil rights for African Americans

    • Wanted to punish the South

  • Freedmen's Bureau

    • Helped newly freed slaves with basic necessities and schools

  • 13th amendment

    • Abolished slavery

  • 14th amendment

    • Defined citizenship

  • 15th amendment

    • Created universal male suffrage

  • White Southerners retaliated with reconstruction

    • Jim Crow Laws

      • Legalized segregation

    • Used literacy tests and poll taxes to prevent African Americans from voting

    • Creation of the KKK

  • Compromise of 1877

    • Election of Ruferford B. Hayes in exchange for removing federal troops from the South