RPs: Apparatus

Fractional Distillation

S = fractionating column

T = water out

U = water in

Simple Distillation

• water fills at bottom: to ensure condenser fills with water to ensure more vapour condenses

• may need an ice bath on the distillate

Reflux

convert aldehydes → carboxylic acids

Calorimetry

Buchner Funnel - filtering under reduced pressure