AP World History: Global Tapestry to Modern Globalization Comprehensive Guide ($$1200$$) to Globalization ($$21^{st}\,Century$$)

Unit 1: ($1200-1450$) The Global Tapestry

Developments in East Asia

• China: Song Dynasty ($960-1279$)
  • The state was highly centralized through an Imperial bureaucracy, where appointed officials made key decisions.
  • Bureaucrats were selected through the CSE (Civil Service Exam), which was rigorously based on knowledge of Confucianism.
  • This era saw the rise of new scholarly leaders and the implementation of Confucianism to maintain and justify the rule.
  • Neo-Confucianism: This philosophy emphasized self-cultivation.
  • Social Structure: The society was hierarchical and patriarchal, maintaining that everyone is subject to their rulers.
  • Economic Power: There was a significant increase in China's productive power compared to previous dynasties.
  • Buddhism (Mahayana): Focuses on the $4$ noble truths as a path to descend into nirvana.
  • Agriculture and Urbanization: The introduction of Champa Rice led to massive population growth and subsequent urbanization.
  • Continuity and Restrictions: There was a revival of Tang Dynasty ideals (Neo-Confucianism); however, women were stripped of legal rights and faced social restrictions, such as foot binding.
  • Infrastructure: The expansion of the Grand Canal communicated trade and facilitated movement throughout the empire.

Developments in Dar-Islam

• Fragmentation: The Abbasid Caliphate ($750-1258$) became fragmented into many states, though it remained ethnically Arab and once held much greater power.
• New Muslim States: Led by Turkish people, such as the Seljuk Empire, Mamluk Sultanate (Egypt), and Delhi Sultanate (South Asia).
• Legitimacy: Innovation in math, science, and medicine was supported by Muslim states, and Islam was used to justify rule.
• Religious Landscape: Other monotheistic religions like Judaism and Christianity existed alongside Islam.
• Military and Knowledge: The Seljiks held power through military expansion; intellectual life flourished at the House of Wisdom.
• Conversions: Most Islamic conversions in South Asia occurred through Sufism; mystic Muslims adapted to local traditions and allowed for the spread of the religion.

State-Building in South and Southeast Asia

• Vijayanagara Empire (India): A Hindu empire existing from $1336-1646$.
• Sinhala Dynasties (Sri Lanka): Buddhist dynasties spanning from $543\,BCE-1815\,CE$.
• Rajput Kingdoms: Various kingdoms in the region.
• Delhi Sultanate (Islam): A major Islamic state in South Asia.
• Khmer Empire: Acted as a refuge for Hindus from Muslim invaders and used Hinduism as a unifying force.
• Legitimacy: Rulers derived divine authority from gods and sponsored religious buildings; some used Buddhism to legitimize rule by sponsoring Buddhist architecture and employing monks.

State-Building in the Americas

• Mexica (Aztec) Empire ($750-1258$):
  • Used the military to establish a tribute network with subordinate states.
  • Leaders performed religious sacrifices to legitimize rule, viewing them as tributes to the gods who chose them to rule.
• Inca Empire (South America) ($1438-1533$):
  • Employed the military to conquer neighboring regions.
  • Legitimacy: Authority was reinforced by the belief that rulers were connected to the sun god.
  • Infrastructure: Massive road networks were critical for connecting, unifying, and ruling the vast empire.

State-Building in Africa

• Great Zimbabwe (East Africa): Flourished from the $9^{th}-15^{th}\,century$ as a prosperous state through the control of trade routes; decentralized but famous for large-scale architecture.
• Ethiopia (East Africa): An ancient civilization that adopted and remained true to Christianity early on, using the religion to legitimize rule.

Developments in Europe

• Political Structure: The region consisted of many ununified, small states often in conflict; it was decentralized.
• Feudalism: A system where a King or monarch owns all land and divides it among nobles in exchange for loyalty and military service.
• Manorialism: The Manor system featured basic units of feudal society owned by landlords and run by serfs. Manors were isolated communities.
• Labor: Peasants known as serfs were unfree laborers who worked for others in exchange for protection and provision.
• Church and State: Christianity was infused into the state; kings were frequently crowned by popes or the Church.

Impact of Chinese Culture

• Filial Piety: The cultural emphasis on the respect of elders.
• Buddhist Expansion: Buddhism originated in India but spread to East Asia via the Silk Roads, reaching Japan and Korea.
• Influence on Japan and Korea: Heian Japan and Korea were heavily influenced by Chinese culture; Korea adopted the Chinese civil service system.
• Neo-Confucianism: A mix of Daoism and Buddhism with an emphasis on ethics.
• Trade and Religion Continuity: There exists a continuity between the spread of religion and trade routes, facilitated by merchants and missionaries, resulting in a strong Buddhist presence in East Asia by $1200$.

Unit 2: ($1200-1450$) Networks of Exchange

Trading Routes

• Silk Roads (Eurasia):
  • Focused on luxury goods such as Chinese silk and porcelain.
  • Innovations: Expansion led to increased demand; Caravanserai served as safehouses for merchants.
  • Money Economy: Use of bank houses and paper money (metal money was too heavy for carrying many goods).
  • Kashgar: A major stop for traveling merchants.
  • Relay System: Merchants rarely traveled the full length, utilizing different routes.
• Indian Ocean:
  • Monsoon Winds: Dictated navigation and timing for trade.
  • Innovations: Magnetic compass, astrolabe, and the stern rudder.
  • State Growth: Caused the growth of states like the Swahili states, which turned Muslim and connected to Dar-Al-Islam due to Islamic merchants.
• Trans-Saharan:
  • Innovations: The camel saddle allowed for larger loads of goods.
  • Rise of Mali: Grew wealthy because of the gold trade, exemplified by Mansa Musa.

Effects and Consequences of Exchange

• Cultural: Transfer of beliefs (e.g., Buddhism) and literary exchanges/translations.
• Power Shifts: Gunpowder shifted the balance of power; wealth gain led to the rise and fall of cities.
• Environmental:
  • Crops: Champa rice spread to China, allowing for population rises.
  • Plague: The bubonic plague traveled along trade routes, spread by the Mongols, and destroyed populations.
• Mongols: Formed the largest land-based empire and caused the collapse of the Song Dynasty. They ruled through Khanates, and the Pax Mongolica increased trade safety and continuity. They spread a written language to conquered societies.

Unit 3: ($1450-1750$) Land-Based Empires

Gunpowder Empires

• Ottoman Empire: Founded in the $14^{th}\,century$; adopted gunpowder to control Southwest Europe. Conquered Constantinople. Features included the Janissarie corps (elite fighters), the Devshirme system (converting Christians to Islam), and Tax Farming. It is noted as the longest empire in history.
• Safavid Empire: Lacked defensive territory but had a strong military. Practiced Shia Islam and fought other Islamic empires for the Caliphate. Power was gained through trade bans against rivals.
• Mughal Empire (South and Central Asia): Led by the tolerant leader Akbar the Great; practiced Sunni Islam. Used the Zamindar system where landowners taxed peasants.
• Ming and Qing Dynasties: The Manchu established the Qing Dynasty after the Ming. They used Imperial portraits to convince the Han population of their legitimacy.

Belief Systems

• Christianity: Conflicts arose as the Church told people they could pay to forgive sins. Martin Luther believed the Church was wrong and nailed a list of complaints to a church door, sparking the Protestant Reformation.
• Islam: Rivalries intensified the Sunni-Shia Split. In the Safavid Empire, Sunni Muslims who resisted were slaughtered.
• Sikhism: A syncretic religion that blended multiple doctrines; it retained important values but discarded gender hierarchies and castes.

Unit 4: ($1450-1750$) Maritime Empires and Expansion

European Expansion and Technology

• Technology: Derived from Greek, Islamic, and Asian worlds. Innovations included the lateen sail, magnetic compass, astrolabe, and the Caravel.
• Funding: Joint-Stock Companies (e.g., Dutch East Indian Company) funded exploration. Countries like Spain, which did not use these, fell behind.
• Trade Post Empires: Portugal used Caravel ships to hold territory.
• Major Players:
  • Spanish: Colonized Mexico/New World for silver harvesting following Columbus.
  • Dutch: Established the Dutch East Indian Company.
  • French: Settled in Quebec/Canada for the fur trade.
  • Japan: Initially Christianity spread there, but the Shogun perceived it as a threat and isolated Japan from European trade, except for the Dutch.

Columbian Exchange and Labor

• Disease Transfer: Europeans devastated indigenous populations with Smallpox, Malaria, and Measles.
• Food Trade: Increased lifespans; included maize, potatoes, olives, rice, wheat, and sugar.
• Labor and Cash Crops: Sugar cane farming required labor plantations; Africans were transported via the slave trade to America. Resistance led to the formation of Maroon societies.
• Mercantilism: An economic theory based on maximizing exports to get gold and silver, leading to intense country competition.

Changes and Continuities in Trade and Society

• Labor Systems:
  • Incomienda: Labor in exchange for food and protection.
  • Hacienda: Forced labor on plantations/land ownership.
  • Mita System: A Spanish adaptation of an Incan forced labor system for silver mining.
  • Chattel Slavery: A race-based, hereditary system of complete ownership.
• Social Effects: Spain expelled Jews; the Ottoman Empire showed tolerance to Jews. Racial motivation was used to justify brutality against Africans. A Caste System was implemented in colonized areas to organize populations by Spanish blood levels.

Unit 5: ($1750-1900$) Revolutions

Enlightenment and Philosophy

• Key Thinkers: John Locke and Thomas Hobbes.
• Movements: Abolitionism fought to end serfdom and slavery.
• "-isms":
  • Socialism: The worker owns the means of production.
  • Liberalism: Belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced military spending.
  • Conservatism: Belief in traditional values.
  • Nationalism: Loyalty to those sharing customs and language.
  • Capitalism: Private ownership for profit.
  • Feminism: Focus on women's rights and equality.
  • Deism: Belief that God exists but does not ordain events.
  • Empiricism: Knowledge derived from the senses.
  • Zionism: Led by Theodor Herzl; fought for a Jewish homeland, resulting in the establishment of Israel in $1948\,CE$.

The Atlantic Revolutions

• American Revolution: Unhappy under British control; demanded own governance and free-market economy. This encouraged the French Revolution.
• French Revolution: Based on liberty, equality, and fraternity; triggered by bankruptcy and overspending. Produced the "Declaration of Rights of Man" and abolished feudalism.
• Haitian Revolution: Encouraged by American and French ideas; slaves and Maroons rose against masters. L’Ouverture produced the Haitian constitution in $1801\,CE$.

Unit 6: ($1750-1900$) Reactions to Industrialization: Imperialism, Native Responses, and Migration

Imperialism and Resistance

• Motives: Economic gain, Social Darwinism (belief in racial superiority), and Nationalism (competition between powers like France and Britain).
• Resistance:
  • Indian Rebellion of $1857$: Mutiny of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British.
  • Greek War for Independence from the Ottoman Empire.
  • New States: Establishment of the Zulu Kingdom in South Africa.
  • Mahdist Wars in Sudan.
• Economic Imperialism: Britain exploited India for cotton; the Opium Wars forced China to open ports for the opium trade with the British.

Global Migration and Economics

• Migration Causes: Industrialization and the Irish Potato Famine led people to work in US factories; Chinese immigrants moved to the US for the trans-continental railroad.
• Effects: Ethnic enclaves (gathering of similar ethnicities) and exclusion (Chinese Exclusion Act of $1882$).
• Global Agriculture: Imperial nations grew cash crops in colonies, resulting in low-priced raw materials and mineral extraction (diamonds in South Africa) that benefited imperial powers while colonies suffered.

Unit 7: ($1900-\text{present}$) Global Conflicts

• Key Events: Revolution in Russia, Ottoman Collapse, and the Great War (WWI).
• Concepts: Total War, Propaganda, Facism, the Mandate System, and the Treaty of Versailles.
• Specific Conflicts: Crimean War ($1853-1856$), Bloody Sunday ($1905$), Revolution of $1905$, and the Russo-Japanese War ($1904-1905$).
• Great Depression: Associated with high levels of inflation.

Unit 8: ($1900-\text{present}$) Cold War and Decolonization

• Rationales: After WWII, many colonies desired self-government, which became tied to the capitalism (USA) vs. communism (Russia) struggle.
• Cold War Slang and Narrative:
  • Russia wanted control through communism, but the USA acted as the sigma, asserting capitalism as superior because identity is tied to making one's own money.
  • Russia (Soviet Union) tried to rizz their way into building a union.
  • Germany was led by Hitler, who was a fascist (not a communist).
  • USA developed NATO; the Soviets copied them with the Warsaw Pact (described as high school clubs in a battle of the bands).
  • Cuban Missile Crisis: Involved "Caseoh’s super skibidi bombs." The USA used an "ultra looksmaxing plan" to lie to the Soviets about being able to shoot missiles out of the sky.
• Decolonization: Britain was destroyed by the "rizzler war" (WW2) and could no longer fund colonies. This occurred in places like Ohio (india). Britain used their "massive gyatt" to divide Ohio (india), leading to war with Pakistan over different "sigmas."

Unit 9: ($1900-\text{present}$) Globalization

• Definition: The growing connection between people world-wide as technology advances.
• Impact of Technology: The Internet and social media have increased connectivity; air travel has revolutionizing travel duration.
• Free-market Policies: Systems with limited government regulation that reduced trade barriers. This led to the rise of Corporations and widespread Consumer culture.
• Reform and Change:
  • Civil Rights: Movement for racial equality in the US (MLK JR, Rosa Parks).
  • Feminism: Continued movement for women's equality.
  • Environmentalism: Goals include preserving natural resources and limiting global warming.