Comprehensive Page-by-Page Notes on Language, Modes, Models, Ethics, and Technology

Page 1: Purposive Communication

• Course reference: ENGLISH 101 - PRELIM COVERAGE.
• Purpose of this page is to introduce the broad topic of purposive communication as a foundation for the subsequent lessons.

Page 2: The Nature of Language (Lesson One)

• Introduction to the nature of language as the first lesson in understanding how language functions within communication.
• Sets up the framework for exploring what language is, how it is learned, and how it changes in use.

Page 3: Objectives

• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
  • Demonstrate an understanding of the key ideas in language and communication.
  • Relate your personal experience with the input presented.

Page 4: Points to Remember

• 1) What is language?
• 2) Importance of language
• 3) Requirements for identifying a language
• 4) Speech community
• 5) Language acquisition
• 6) Mother tongues
• 7) First languages
• 8) Second languages
• 9) Language learning
• 10) Language contact
• 11) Language change

Page 5: Synthesis — Core Concepts of Language

• Language as a human capacity consists of three components:
  • (a) A system of rules (grammar)
  • (b) A sound system (phonology)
  • (c) A vocabulary (lexicon)
• Language acquisition: Growing up in a community leads to acquiring the languages used by that community; these are called mother tongues or first languages.
• Language learning: Other languages learned in school or on one's own, i.e., second languages.
• Language contact: Interaction between languages leading to language change, a natural behavior of all languages.

Page 6: Types of Communication (Lesson Two)

• This page introduces the next major topic: the different types of communication.

Page 7: Objectives (Lesson Two)

• Identify the types of communication in relation to:
  • Communication mode
  • Context
  • Purpose and style
• Differentiate verbal, non-verbal, and visual communication and their sub-forms in relation to communication modes.
• Evaluate differences among intrapersonal, interpersonal, extended, organizational, and intercultural communication in relation to context.
• Explain differences between formal and informal communication in relation to purpose and style.

Page 8: What is Communication?

• Communication is the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views between or among two or more people.
• Context refers to the circumstance or environment in which communication takes place.
• Classification of communication is according to:
  • (1) communication mode
  • (2) context
  • (3) purpose and style

Page 9: Types of Communication According to Mode

• Verbal
• Non-verbal
• Visual

Page 10: Verbal-Non-Verbal Communication

• Effective communication requires blending verbal and non-verbal codes; one cannot be separated from the other.
• Beyond speaking, communication includes non-verbal cues such as handshake, facial expressions, and a kind disposition.

Page 11: Visual Communication

• Visual communication uses visuals to convey information/messages.
• Examples: signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs, charts, diagrams, pictographs, photos, drawings/illustrations, and various forms of electronic communication.
• Electronic symbols/images examples: emojis, emoticons, animation.

Page 12: Visual Communication — Advantages and Design Considerations

• Visual communication leverages technology (apps, videos, images) to convey messages.
• Important graphic elements in presentations: position, color, size, shape, orientation.
• These elements impact how the message is interpreted and how slides are perceived.

Page 13: Types of Communication According to Context

• Intrapersonal
• Interpersonal
• Extended Communication
• Organizational Communication
• Intercultural Communication

Page 14: Intrapersonal Communication

• Latin prefix "intra" means within or inside.
• Intrapersonal communication = talking to oneself; also called self-talk, inner monologue, inner dialogue.
• Psychologists' terms: self-verbalization or self-statement.
• Practical uses: boost confidence, appraise oneself, console oneself.

Page 15: Interpersonal Communication

• Latin prefix "inter" means between, among, together.
• Involves interactive exchange; occurs in dyads or small groups (group communication).

Page 16: Interpersonal vs Transactional vs Social Maintenance

• A communication situation is interpersonal if it aims to establish or deepen relationships.
• If the objective is to achieve something by the end of the conversation, the interaction becomes transactional.
• Interpersonal talks are for maintaining social relationships; transactional talks aim to accomplish or resolve something.

Page 17: Extended Communication

• Involves the use of electronic media.
• Historically characterized by TV and radio; now includes teleconferencing, audio/video conferencing, Skype calls, and other technologies.

Page 18: Organizational Communication

• Focus on communication’s role in organizational contexts.
• Organizations comprise individuals and have expectations that professionals or owners establish.
• For organizational success, a system of communication should be in place with clear rules or standards for protocol to establish interaction patterns.

Page 19: Intercultural Communication

• Communication between or among people with different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds.
• Examples:
  • Australians may regard eye contact as a sign of sincerity.
  • Indians may view looking straight into the eyes of a person while talking as inappropriate.

Page 20: Types of Communication According to Purpose & Style

• Formal
• Informal

Page 21: Formal Communication

• Uses formal language, delivered orally or in written form.
• Examples: lectures, public talks/speeches, research and project proposals, reports, business letters.
• Primary objectives: to inform, to entertain, and to persuade.

Page 22: Informal Communication

• Does not employ formal language.
• Involves personal and ordinary conversations with friends, family, or acquaintances about anything.
• Modes: oral (face-to-face, casual talks, phone calls) or written (emails, personal notes, letters, text messages).
• Purpose: to socialize and enhance relationships.

Page 23: Synthesis — Classification of Types

• Types can be divided by:
  • Mode: verbal, non-verbal, visual
  • Context: intrapersonal, interpersonal, extended, organizational, intercultural
  • Purpose/Style: formal, informal
• Key interactions:
  • Verbal and non-verbal codes should complement each other.
  • Visuals require careful interpretation; context is crucial to avoid misinterpretation.

Page 24: Synthesis — Organizational and Intercultural Considerations

• In any organization, a system of communication should be in place.
• Message transmission and flow are essential for effective organizational communication.
• Intercultural communication is important to avoid miscommunication and breakdowns given diverse backgrounds.
• Both formal and informal communication can be oral or written depending on the situation.

Page 25: Assessment — Activity 2 (Asynchronous)

• Quiz: Identification and Essay
• Administered via Google Forms.

Page 26: Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics (Lesson Three)

• Transition to a new lesson focusing on models, processes, and ethics in communication.

Page 27: Objectives (Lesson Three)

• Explain various communication models and how they help in understanding the process.
• Identify the variables involved in the communication process.
• Determine the principles for effective oral and written communication.
• Highlight ethical issues involved in communication.
• Recognize the importance of a code of ethics in communication.

Page 28: Communication Models

• Aristotle's Communication Model
• Laswell's Communication Model
• Shannon-Weaver's Model
• Berlo's Communication Model

Page 29: Aristotle’s Communication Model

• Three variables in the communication process: speaker, speech, and audience.
• The speaker variable is crucial: without the speaker, there is no speech to be produced.
• The speech is adjusted depending on the audience profile.

Page 30: Aristotle's Model Diagram (Paraphrased)

• Variables: SPEAKER, SPEECH, AUDIENCE.

Page 31: Laswell’s Communication Model (1948)

• Focuses on five Ws:
  • WHO says WHAT
  • In WHICH channel
  • TO WHOM
  • WITH WHAT effect

Page 32: Laswell’s Model — Process and Variables

• The process begins with the communicator(sending out the message via a medium to the receiver, resulting in an effect).
• Analyzed by looking at content, medium, and effect on recipients.
• Similar to Aristotle in linear structure, but Laswell adds two variables: medium and effect.

Page 33: Laswell Model Diagram

• Components labeled as: COMMUNICATOR, MESSAGE, MEDIUM, RECEIVER, EFFECT.

Page 34: Shannon-Weaver’s Model (1949)

• Originally designed for radio and television; later adopted for broader communication.
• Introduces components such as:
  • Information source (sender)
  • Transmitter (encoder)
  • Channel
  • Receiver (destination)
  • Decoder
  • Noise
  • Feedback
• Expansion to include: reception, destination, and feedback loops.

Page 35: Shannon-Weaver’s Model Diagram

• Visual representation includes: Information source → Transmitter → Channel → Receiver/Decoder → Destination, with Noise and Feedback interwoven.

Page 36: Berlo’s SMCR Model (1960)

• Also known as SMCR; later extended to SMCRN to include noise.
• Major variables: Source (S), Message (M), Channel (C), Receiver (R).
• Additional factors influencing communication include various human attributes.

Page 37: Berlo’s Model — Expanded Elements

• Source factors: Communication Skills, Attitudes, Knowledge, Social/Cultural System, etc.
• Message factors: Content, Elements (language, gestures)
• Channel factors: Senses used (Seeing, Hearing, etc.)
• Receiver factors: Decoding abilities, Attitudes, Knowledge, Social/Cultural influences, etc.

Page 38: SOURCE (Berlo) — Characteristics

• Originator of the message.
• Attitude toward the audience.
• Mastery of the topic.
• Interaction with social system (values, beliefs, practices, and culture).

Page 39: MESSAGE (Berlo) — Characteristics

• Content, Elements (language and gestures), Treatment (manner of transmission), Structure (organization of parts).

Page 40: CHANNEL and RECEIVER (Berlo) — Characteristics

• CHANNEL: Senses used (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching).
• RECEIVER: The individual who decodes the message; shares similar variable sets to the SOURCE.

Page 41: General Principles of Effective Communication

• Since communication is a two-way process, observe certain principles for both oral and written forms.

Page 42: Principles (General) — Know Your Topic and Context

• Know your topic: Communicate because you want others to learn something from you;
• Know the context: Tailor language to the situation/environment.

Page 43: Principles (General) — Purpose and Audience

• Know your purpose: Inform, entertain, or persuade, with a dominant objective guiding the approach.
• Know your audience: Age, education, profession, culture, and other features dictate style.

Page 44: Principles (General) — Feedback and Responsiveness

• Act on feedback from listeners/readers; constructive criticism helps improvement.

Page 45: Principles of Effective Oral Communication

• Be clear with your purpose.
• Be complete with the message (include essential information).
• Be concise (avoid verbosity).
• Be natural in delivery.
• Use appropriate gestures to punctuate key words.
• Exhibit confidence even if you don’t feel it.
• Be specific and timely with feedback.

Page 46: Principles of Effective Written Communication — The 7 Cs (Part 1)

• Be clear: Align with your purpose.
• Be concise: Stay on point; avoid rambling.
• Be concrete: Support claims with facts.

Page 47: Principles of Effective Written Communication — The 7 Cs (Part 2)

• Be correct: Maintain grammatical accuracy; revise and edit; avoid simple spelling errors.
• Be coherent: Logical organization; smooth flow; use transitions.
• Be complete: Include all necessary information; anticipate audience needs.
• Be courteous: Use a friendly, respectful tone; avoid ambiguity.

Page 48: Ethics of Communication

• Ethics emphasizes that morals influence behavior in individuals, groups, or organizations and thus affect communication.
• Key guideline: honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity, and moral uprightness.

Page 49: Ethics — Practical Guidelines

• Establish an effective value system to build integrity.
• Provide complete and accurate information; contextualize data.
• Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately; avoid concealment when transparency is needed.

Page 50: Importance of a Code of Ethics

• A code of ethics sets standards of behavior; protects reputation and image of individuals and organizations.
• Ethical conduct supports better decision-making and overall trust.

Page 51: Synthesis — Models, Oral vs Written, and Ethics

• Well-known models: Aristotle, Shannon-Weaver, Laswell, Berlo.
• For effective oral communication: be clear, complete, concise, natural in delivery, and timely with feedback.
• For effective written communication: observe the 7 Cs (clear, concise, concrete, correct, coherent, complete, courteous).
• A code of ethics is essential to prevent confusion, misunderstandings, and conflicts.

Page 52: Assessment — Activity 3 (Group)

• Activity: Role play a workplace scenario where ethical communications are questioned.
• Present the situation with a brief explanation before the presentation.

Page 53: Forms of Communication (Lesson Four)

• Transition to a new fact set focusing on various communication modes beyond theory.

Page 54: Objectives (Lesson Four)

• Identify various communication modes and how they express communicative intent.
• Highlight importance of face-to-face, audio, virtual, text-based and other forms for local and global audiences.
• Distinguish differences among modes and apply appropriately to context.

Page 55: Communication Modes — Definition

• Communication modes refer to the channel through which communicative intent is expressed; it is the medium used to convey thoughts.

Page 56: Communication Modes — Face-to-Face and Video

• Face-to-face: Informal, casual conversations; advantages include direct hearing and rich nonverbal cues (facial expressions, gestures, body language, objects).
• Video: Highly effective for distance communication; supports a visual channel.

Page 57: Communication Modes — Audio and Text-based

• Audio: Sound-only mode; voice is heard; challenges include different accents.
• Text-based: Email, fax, text messaging, instant messaging; wide reach and fast dissemination; lacks inherent audio/visual cues.

Page 58: Synthesis — Modes Summary

• Modes: Face-to-face, Video, Audio, Text-based.
• Video connects distant participants; second most convenient after face-to-face.
• Audio is limited to voice signals; text-based has broad reach but lacks inherent audio/visual cues.

Page 59: Assessment — Activity 4 (To be announced)

• Next assessment to be announced (as per the document).

Page 60: Communication and Technology (Lesson Five)

Page 61: Objectives (Lesson Five)

• Identify positive and negative dimensions of technology use in communication.
• Demonstrate knowledge of social media in Asia and globally.
• Deliver ideas to various audiences using the most appropriate technological tool.

Page 62: Synthesis — Technology and Modern Communication

• The rapid rise of Internet connectivity has transformed communication; traditional forms give way to faster, more accessible tools.
• Technology tools (e.g., social networking sites) connect distant friends and family, enable meeting new people, and sharing information across a spectrum from trivial to important.
• Each tool has its strengths and weaknesses; responsible use is essential to effective communication.