Chinese Philosophies: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism

Introduction: 100 Schools of Thought

  • During China's Warring States Period, various philosophies emerged concerning governance and social order, known as the "100 Schools of Thought."

  • These schools proposed different ideas to bring stability to society.

Confucianism

  • Founder: Confucius (551-479 BCE).

  • Core Beliefs:

    • Social order, harmony, and good government are based on family relationships.

    • Emphasizes the "five relationships" and respect for parents and elders (filial piety) from analects

    • Main Texts: The Analects, which compile Confucius's teachings and thoughts, serve as a primary guide for followers.

    • Education is crucial for society and individual welfare.

  • Governance:

    • Government should model filial piety.

    • Officials should be well-trained and honest.

    • A good government relies not on laws, but on good men.

  • People/Subjects: Expected to demonstrate respect, be humane, and accept their role in society.

Daoism

  • Founder: Laozi (6^{th} Century BCE).

  • Core Beliefs:

    • Natural order is more important than social order.

    • Advocates leaving people alone; humans should live in harmony with nature.

    • A universal force guides all things (the "Dao").

    • Emphasizes Yin and Yang concept.

  • Governance:

    • It is futile to build institutions to govern men.

    • Minimizes government intervention.

  • People/Subjects: Expected to follow the moral path of the "Dao," become one with nature, and give up worldly desires.

Legalism

  • Founders: Li Si, Hanfeizi (221 CE).

  • Core Beliefs:

    • Humans are naturally lazy, selfish, and motivated only by strict laws and harsh punishments.

    • Stresses a highly efficient and powerful government.

  • Governance:

    • Requires strict rules and punishment to maintain order and control.

    • Government should control thinkers and their ideas.

    • Individual freedom is minimized in favor of governmental control.

  • People/Subjects: Expected to obey strict laws, as social pressure and fear of punishment will ensure compliance.