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  1. Describe how a virus is different from other microbes.

  2. Describe the structure of viruses and the function of the envelope, spikes, capsid, and nucleic acid.

  3. Understand the variability in virus structure including:

    • enveloped vs. naked viruses

    • the different capsid structures: helical, icosahedral, and complex

    • the type and organization of nucleic acid: DNA or RNA; single-stranded or double-stranded

  4. Explain the viral multiplication process of animal viruses.

  5. Compare and contrast the following ways that a virus can enter a cell: endocytosis (for naked viruses) vs. fusion (for enveloped viruses).

  6. Compare and contrast the following ways that a virus can leave a cell: cell lysis (for naked viruses) vs. budding (for enveloped viruses).

  7. Explain the viral multiplication process of bacteriophages and list the steps involved. Describe lysogeny and what determines whether the phage will enter the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle.

  8. Understand the following systems used for growing viruses in the lab: cell culture, bird embryos, and live animals

  9. Explain the difficulty in diagnosing and treating viral infections.

  10. Describe the Herpes Virus and know the information presented about Herpes in the viral diseases video.

  11. Know the basic characteristics of the coronavirus (ssRNA, helical, enveloped, human virus), it's spikes and receptors.

  12. Be able to explain the classification of the new coronavirus and it's likely origins.

  13. Explain Spillover and the importance of multiple mutations in the event.

  14. Describe methods for monitoring emerging viruses and their importance.

  15. Be able to describe what variants are and how they develop. Also be able to describe how the omicron variant is different from the original Covid-19 virus.