Biology Final Study

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE (2:01-2:36)

  1. What are the characteristics of life?

    • Organization

    • Homeostasis

    • Metabolism

    • Reproduction

    • Growth & Development

    • Response to stimuli

    • Evolution

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (2:37-3:44)

  1. Fill in the last piece of the modern cell theory.

    • The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms.

    • All living things are made of cells.

    • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

  2. What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors?

    • Abiotic factors: Non-living components (e.g., rocks, soil, water, atmosphere).

    • Biotic factors: Living components (e.g., fungi, animals, plants).

BIOMOLECULES (3:45 - 4:34)




  2. Fill in the table below.


    Name

    Monomers

    Functions

    Structure



    Carbohydrate

    Monosaccharides

    Short-term energy; Long-term energy

    -



    Lipid

    Fatty Acids

    Cell membrane structure

    -



    Protein

    Amino Acids

    Acts as enzymes

    -



    Nucleic Acid

    Nucleotides

    Stores genetic information

    -







    ENZYMES (4:35 - 5:26)





    1. What are enzymes?

      • Enzymes are biological catalysts made of proteins.

    2. Label the enzyme diagram (right).

    3. True or False for questions 7-11.

      • 7. F: Most enzymes are made of carbohydrates.

      • 8. T: Enzymes have the ability to speed up chemical reactions.

      • 9. F: Enzymes can only break (not build upon) substrate.


      1. T: Enzymes typically have a specific temperature and pH range they need in order to work correctly.


      1. T: Enzymes can denature if not in ideal conditions.

    PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS (5:27 - 6:30)

    1. What type of cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles?

      • Eukaryotic cells.

    2. Fill in the diagram. (stop video at 5:56)

      Prokaryotes

      Eukaryotes



      Bacteria

      Protists



      Archaea

      Plants



      -

      Animals



      -

      Fungi


      • List four organelles that prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have in common.



      • DNA

      • Cytoplasm

      • Ribosomes

      • Cell Membrane

    3. List four organelles that are exclusive to eukaryotic cells.

      • Nucleus

      • Endoplasmic Reticulum

      • Golgi Apparatus

      • Mitochondria

    INSIDE THE CELL MEMBRANE AND CELL TRANSPORT (6:31-7:42)

    1. Why is the membrane a big deal for homeostasis?

      • It controls what enters and exits the cell (maintaining an internal balance).

    2. Label the phospholipid diagram (right).

    3. True or False for questions 18-22.


      1. T: When small molecules move through the cell membrane without the need for cell energy, it is called passive transport.


      1. F: Molecules move through proteins during simple diffusion.


      1. F: Facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion are examples of active transport.


      1. T: During passive transport, molecules move with the gradient from a high to low concentration.


      1. T: Active transport uses ATP to move molecules against the gradient from a low to high concentration.

    OSMOSIS (7:43 - 8:56)

    1. How do water molecules most efficiently move through the cell membrane?

      • They can travel through either the semi-permeable membrane or through aquaporins.

    2. In regard to concentration, how do water molecules move through the membrane?

      • They move from high concentration to low concentration.

    3. Label each solution in the tonicity diagram as hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic.

      • Hypertonic = Concentration is greater outside the cell (cell shrinks).

      • Isotonic = Equal concentration inside and outside the cell.

      • Hypotonic = Concentration is lower outside the cell (cell swells).

    DNA REPLICATION (11:41-12:33)




    2. Fill in the table for the function of the enzymes that play a role in DNA replication.


      Enzyme

      Role in DNA Replication



      DNA Polymerase

      Makes new DNA strands



      Primase

      Shows where to build new DNA



      Helicase

      Unzips the DNA



      Ligase

      Glues new & old strands together





      THE CELL CYCLE (12:34 - 13:54)



      1. Fill in the stages inside the cell cycle diagram. Describe what the cell is doing during each stage.

        • G1: Cell Grows

        • S: DNA is synthesized (replication)

        • G2: Preparation for mitosis

        • M: Mitosis occurs (cell division)

      2. If a cell does not meet the checkpoint requirements, what must it do?

        • Either fix itself or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).

      3. What are cancer cells?

        • Cells that divide uncontrollably and can form tumors.

      MITOSIS (13:55 - 14:40)

      1. What type of cells does mitosis divide to make?

        • Identical body cells

      2. List the four stages of mitosis in order.

        • Prophase

        • Metaphase

        • Anaphase

        • Telophase

      3. What role does cytokinesis play in cell division?

        • Splits the cytoplasm to form two separate cells.

      MEIOSIS (14:41-16:09)

      1. What type of cells does meiosis make?

        • Gamete cells (Sexual reproduction) (e.g., sperm and eggs).

      2. What is the difference between a haploid and diploid cell?

        • Haploid = Half the number of chromosomes (n)

        • Diploid = Full set of chromosomes (2n)

      3. How many times does meiosis go through PMAT?

        • Twice.

      4. What does meiosis result in?

        • Four genetically different cells (4 haploid cells).

      5. Why are the resulting gametes different from each other?

        • Due to crossing over during prophase I and independent assortment.

      6. What is crossing over and when does it occur?

        • Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, occurring during prophase I of meiosis.

      PEDIGREES (20:58 - 22:13)

      1. Why are pedigrees used?

        • Used to track the inheritance of traits across generations.

      2. In a pedigree chart, what different shapes are used to represent males and females?

        • Squares (□) represent males.

        • Circles (○) represent females.

      PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (19:30 - 20:57)

      1. What does DNA code for?

        • Proteins

      2. Fill in the protein synthesis table.

        Step

        Where It Takes Place

        What It Makes



        1. Transcription

        Nucleus

        mRNA



        2. Translation

        Ribosome

        Polypeptides (amino acids)


        • Fill in the blanks: Bases are read in sets of three called codons.




        • The bases on mRNA code for specific amino acids.

        • tRNA has an anticodon on it that carries the corresponding amino acid.

      MUTATIONS (20:58 - 22:13)

      1. What are the three types of gene mutations?

        • Substitution

        • Insertion

        • Deletion

      2. If mRNA has the codons AUC GUC, what anticodons will the tRNA bring to the ribosome?

        • tRNA would bring UAG (anticodon for AUC) and CAG (anticodon for GUC).

      3. Use the codon chart to find the amino acids for the following codons:

        • AUG: Methionine (Met)

        • GAC: Aspartic Acid (Asp)

        • CAU: Histidine (His)

        • UAG: Stop codon

      NATURAL SELECTION AND GENETIC DRIFT (22:14-24:11)

      1. What three processes cause variety within an individual species?

        • Mutation

        • Sexual reproduction

        • Gene flow

      2. What is "fitness" in the biological sense?

        • An organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.

      3. Why would you expect to see a higher frequency of darker frogs in a population over time?

        • Because of camouflage leading to natural selection and adaptation.

      4. What does natural selection act upon?

        • Phenotypes

      5. How does natural selection compare with genetic drift?

        • Natural Selection is a non-random process favoring beneficial traits, whereas genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies.

      BACTERIA (24:12 - 25:16)

      1. How do autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria differ?

        • Autotrophic bacteria produce their own food (e.g., through photosynthesis).

        • Heterotrophic bacteria consume organic matter.

      PLANT STRUCTURE (27:58 - 29:14)

      1. How do non-vascular plants, such as mosses, obtain water?

        • Through osmosis and diffusion.

      2. What do the vessels of vascular plants carry?

        • Xylem: Carries water and minerals.

        • Phloem: Carries sugars and nutrients.

      3. What are stomata and how do they play a role in photosynthesis?

        • Stomata are pores that allow for gas exchange; they take in CO2 and release O2.

      4. What is the role of guard cells?

        • Open and close stomata based on water needs.

      PLANT REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS (29:15 - 31:21)

      1. What type of plants reproduce sexually?

        • Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

      2. What adaptations do angiosperms have to attract pollinators?

        • Petals, nectar, fragrances.

      3. Label the parts of a flower diagram.

      4. Describe the pollination and fertilization process in angiosperms.

        • Pollination occurs when pollen grains land on the stigma.

        • Fertilization happens when sperm joins with the egg in the ovule.

      5. What does the endosperm provide?

        • Nutrients for the developing embryo.

      6. What does the fertilized ovary create?

        • Fruit containing seeds.

      FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS (31:22 - 32:59)

      1. What do the arrows in a food chain point to?

        • They indicate the flow of energy from one organism to another (consumers and producers).

      2. Label the producer and various consumers in the food chain diagram.

      3. What percent of energy does each trophic level receive from the level below?

        • 10%

      4. What is energy lost as?

        • Heat

      5. Energy in kilocalories for trophic levels:

        • Trophic Level 2: 1,000 kcal

        • Trophic Level 3: 140 kcal

        • Trophic Level 4: 14 kcal

      6. What is a food web?

        • A complex network of feeding relationships within an ecosystem.

      7. What is biodiversity and what does it contribute to?

        • The variety of life within an ecosystem; it contributes to resilience and stability within communities.

      ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION (33:00 - 34:39)

      1. Complete the Venn diagram comparing primary and secondary ecological succession.

        • Primary Succession: Occurs in lifeless areas (e.g., after a volcanic eruption), starts with rock.

        • Secondary Succession: Occurs in areas that previously supported life (e.g., after a forest fire), starts with soil.

        • Both types of succession involve a gradual process of change over time.

        • Pioneer species play a crucial role in breaking down rocks and contributing to soil formation.