AP Human Geography Review - Vocabulary

Unit 1: Thinking Geographically

Topics 1.1 - 1.7: Introduction to Maps

Map Types:
- Topographic
- Choropleth
- Graduated Symbol
- Political
- Cartogram
- Dot-Density
- Physical

Topics 1.2 & 1.3: Geographic Data & Its Power

Key Terms:
- Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Computer systems that can store, analyze, and display information from multiple digital maps or geospatial data sets.
- Remote Sensing: Gathers information from satellites orbiting the Earth.
- Aerial Photography: Uses cameras or other sensors mounted on aircraft or satellites to collect digital images or video of the Earth’s surface.
- Field Observation: The task of defining and describing landscapes.
- Geotagging: Location-aware apps that gather, store, and use locational data from computers or other personal devices.
- Professional Images: Captured from planes within the atmosphere.
- Geospatial Data: All information that can be tied to specific locations.
- Global Positioning System (GPS): GPS receivers on the Earth’s surface use the locations of multiple satellites to determine and record a receiver’s exact location.

Topic 1.4 & 1.5: Spatial Concepts & Human-Env. Interactions

Key Concepts:
- Built-environment: The city's built-environment, including its roads, bridges, and buildings, has been carefully designed to promote sustainability and resilience.
- Sense of place: The historic district's unique architecture and vibrant community events create a strong sense of place for both residents and visitors.
- Renewable energy: Investing in renewable energy sources like solar and wind power is crucial for reducing our carbon footprint and combating climate change.
- Environmental determinism: Suggests that the physical environment, particularly the climate and terrain, shapes human societies and cultural development.
- Distance decay: Due to distance decay, the influence of the central business district diminishes as one moves further away from the city center.
- Location: The location of New York City is $40N$ and $74W$ .
- Non-renewable resources: Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are considered non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form and are being depleted faster than they can be replenished.
- Possibilism: In human geography suggests that while the environment sets certain constraints, human culture and innovation can overcome these limitations to shape societal development.
- Site: The site of the new urban development was selected based on its proximity to major transportation routes and its elevation above flood-prone areas.
- Spatial interaction: Advancements in transportation and communication technologies have significantly increased spatial interaction between distant regions, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural practices.
- Situation: The situation of Washington DC is that it is located on the Potomac River, surrounded by the states of Virginia and Maryland.
- Toponym: 'New York' reflects the city's historical connection to York in England.

Topics 1.6 & 1.7: Scales of Analysis & Regional Analysis

Scale of Analysis: Examples
* Global: World
* Regional: National, National Regional
* Local: Regional
Region Types
* Functional: A pizza delivery area, An airport and the locations that flights connect from, A tv broadcast area
* Formal: The Sahara Desert, An area that shares a common language, Scandinavia
* Vernacular: Upstate New York, The “DMV” (DC, Maryland, Virginia), Silicon Valley

Unit 2: Population & Migration

Topics 2.1 & 2.2: Population Distribution & its Consequences

Key Terms:
- Population distribution: The pattern of human settlement- the spread of people across the earth. Representing it on a map highlights places that are crowded, sparsely settled, or even empty.
- Population Density: A measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area. It measures how crowded a place is.
- Arithmetic Population Density: Calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area.
- Physiological Population Density: Dividing population by the amount of arable land, or land suitable for growing.
- Agricultural Density: The number of farmers divided by the arable land, useful to show how effective an area’s farmers are.
- Overpopulation: When a region has more people than it can support.
- Carrying Capacity: Describes the amount of people an environment or area can support without environmental strain, and is closely tied to time and how cities are influenced by it.

Topic 2.3: Political Composition (Population Pyramids)

Key Components:
- Age Ranges (normally by 5s)
- Separated by sex
- Older Dependents
- Economically Active
- Younger Dependents

Pyramid Types: Example Countries: What does this tell us about the development of these countries?

Impacts on population pyramid
* War: Would cause a dip in specific age ranges, and will affect the population pyramid's structure.
* Baby boom, baby bust, and echo: These events impact a population pyramid. Baby booms create a bulge, busts create a narrow section, and echoes create another bulge as the boom generation has children.

Topic 2.4: Population Dynamics

Key Terms:
- Crude Birth Rate:
- Crude Death Rate:
- Total Fertility Rate:
- Rate of Natural Increase:

Topic 2.5: Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Stages of DTM: Birth Rate, Death Rate, Economy, Examples Today
* Factor 1. High Stationary
* Factor 2. Early Expanding
* Factor 3. Late Expanding
* Factor 4. Low Stationary
* Factor 5. Declining

Topic 2.6 & 2.7: Malthusian Theory & Population Policies

Summaries of theories
* Malthusian Theory:
* Boserup Theory:
* Neo-Malthusian Theory:
* Antinatalist Policy:
* Pronatalist Policy:

Topics 2.8 & 2.9: Women & Demographic Change & Aging Pop

Demographic Consequences
* Demographic consequences due to the changing role of women.
* Causes and consequences of an aging population.

Topics 2.10 - 2.12: Migration

Key Terms:
- Voluntary Migration: A movement made by choice
- Immigrant: A person who migrates across an international border with the intention of staying permanently
- Emigration: When someone leaves a location
- Step Migration: A process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves
- Counter Migration: Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction
- Forced Migration: Migration that is involuntary
- Internally Displaced Person: Migrants that move to another part of the same country due to political or environmental factors
- Refugee: Migrant that moves to another country due to political or environmental factors
- Asylum: Protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear if harm or death
- Internal Migration: Movement that occurs within a country
  - Guest Worker: Policies that regulate the number of workers that can temporarily enter a country to work in a specific industry
- Xenophobia: Strong dislike of a specific culture
- Ethnic Enclaves: Neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group
Factors for Push and Pull Factors

Unit 3: Cultural Patterns & Processes

Topics 3.1 - 3.8 Topic 3.1: Introduction to Culture

Key terms:
- Cultural hearth:
- Diffusion:
- Traditional culture:
- Folk culture:
- Pop culture:

Topic 3.2: Cultural Landscapes

Major cultural realms, cultural landscape example

Impacts
* How does the built environment impact the cultural landscape of a place?
* Give one example of a cultural landscape and how it is important to the environment around it.

Topic 3.3: Cultural Patterns

Correct ethnic/religious group that resides there for each of the following United States regions
* Midwest:
* Utah:
* New England:
* Northeast & Southwest:
* Southeast:
* Urban areas:

Key terms:
- Centripetal forces:
- Centrifugal forces:
- Religion impact on laws.
- Ethnocentric
- Cultural appropriation

Topic 3.4: Types of Diffusion

Key Terms:
- Stimulus Diffusion: When an underlying idea from a cultural hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects a trait.
- Contagious Diffusion: When a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people.
- Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion: When a trait diffuses form a group of lower status to a group of higher status.
- Relocation Diffusion: When a trait is spread by those who migrate and carry the trait with them.
- Hierarchical Diffusion: When a trait is spread outward from the most interconnected places or from the centers of wealth and influence.
- Expansion Diffusion: When a trait is spread through exchange without migration.

Topics 3.5 & 3.6: Historical & Contemporary Causes of Diffusion

How imperialism and colonialism caused diffusion
How historical processes impact current cultural patterns
Explain how social media plays a role in the diffusion process
Define cultural convergence
Define cultural divergence

Topic 3.7: Diffusion of Religion and Language

Key Terms:
- Ethnic religion:
- Universalizing religion:

Religion: Hearth, Type of Diffusion
* Hinduism
* Buddhism
* Sikhism
* Judaism
* Christianity
* Islam

Topic 3.8: Effects of Diffusion

Key Terms:
- Assimilation: Happens when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group.
- Nativism: Belief of protecting the native-born population of a country or cultural group.
- Syncretism: The fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait.
- Acculturation: When an ethnic group moving to a new area adopts the values of the larger group while still maintaining elements of their own culture.
- Multiculturalism: The coexistence of several cultures in one society.

Unit 4: Political Patterns & Processes

Topics 4.1 - 4.10 Topic 4.1: Introduction to Political Geography

Key Terms:
- Nation-state:
- Multi-national state:
- Autonomous region:
- Semi-autonomous region:
- Stateless nation:
- Multi-state nation:

Topics 4.2 & 4.3: Political Processes & Territorility

Shaping Factors:
- Early Colonialism
- Berlin Conference
- The Cold War
- Collapse of the Soviet Union
- Territoriality
- Explain a connection between religion and territoriality
- Explain a connection between economics and territoriality
- Explain the concept of a choke point

Topics 4,4 & 4.5: Defining Political Boundaries & their Function

Vocabulary word
* Genetic Boundary: This boundary is typically created while the cultural landscape is evolving and is subject to change over time.
* Geometric Boundary: A straight line or arc drawn by people that does not closely follow any physical feature.
* United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): This document was signed by more than 150 countries between 1973 and 1982, and defined four different zones of the sea.
* Antecedent Boundary: This type of boundary preceded the development of the cultural landscape.
* Delimitation: This type of boundary is drawn by a cartographer tp show the limits of a space.
* Subsequent Border: A type of subsequent border that takes into account already-existing cultural or physical landscape.
* Superimposed Boundary: This type of boundary is drawn by outside powers and may have ignored existing cultural patterns.
* Open Boundary: An unguarded boundary that people can easily cross.
* Shatterbelt: A place located between two very different and contentious regions.
* Relic Boundary: A boundary that has been abandoned for political purposes but evidence of it still exists on the landscape.
* Demarcation: This type of boundary is identified by physical objects placed on the landscape.

Topic 4.6: Internal Boundaries

Key Terms:
- Voting districts:
- Electorate:
- Census:
- Redistricting:
- Gerrymandering: (must outline the different types of gerrymandering)

Topic 4.7: Forms of Governance

Compare the two terms below
* Federal States
* Unitary States

Topic 4.8 & 4.9: Devolutionary Factors & Challenges to Sovereignty

Give an example for the following factors
* Devolution:
* Ethnic separatism:
* Ethnic cleansing:
* Terrorism:
* Irredentism:
* Subnationalism:
* Balkanization:

What is the mission/description of these supranational organization
* Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN):
* African Union:
* World Trade Organization (WTO):
* United Nation (UN):
* European Union (EU):
* Arctic Council:
* United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA):
* Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC):
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):

Topic 4.10: Consequences of Centrifugal & Centripetal Forces

List at least 5 factors that influence centripetal and centrifugal forces.

Unit 5: Agriculture & Rural Land- Use

Topics 5.1 - 5.12 topic 5.1: Introduction to Agriculture

Key Terms:
- Subsistence Agriculture:
- Commercial Agriculture:
- Intensive Agriculture:
- Extensive Agriculture:
- Intensive Commercial Agriculture:
- Intensive Subsistence Agriculture:
- Extensive Commercial Agriculture:
- Extensive Subsistence Agriculture:

Topic 5.2: Settlement Patterns & Survey Methods

Make sure you know the township & range system, the metes & bounds system, and the long-lot system

Topic 5.3: Agricultural Origins and Diffusions

First agricultural hearths
Key events: Columbian exchange

Topic 5.4: the Second Agricultural Revolution

Second Agricultural Revolution: Advancement, Date, Effect.
How did crop rotation and irrigation change agriculture?

Topic 5.5: The Green Revolution

Green Revolution definition: Impact, vocabularies, explanations

A capital-intensive livestock operation in which many animals are kept in close quarters, and bred and fed in a controlled environment.
When farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field.
Planting and harvesting a crop two times per year on the same piece of land.
Only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season on a piece of land.
Confined spaces in which cattle and hogs have limited movement.

Topic 5.7: Spatial Organization of Agriculture

Von Thunen Model

Topic 5.8: Von Thunen Model

Commodity chain: a process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, then transport them to consumers.

What is neocolonialism, and how does it impact the global system today?
What is the goal of the fair trade movement?
How have government subsidies played a role in the aiding farmers around the world?

Topic 5.9: Global System of Agriculture

Topic 5.10: Consequences of Agricultural Practices

an early agricultural practice that takes place when all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place. The ash provides nutrients to the soil.
altering the landscape by building a series of steps into the side of a hill to create flat surfaces. A consequence of this process is mudslides.
alteration of natural vegetation in arid area causes fertile land to become infertile.
removing large tracks of forest.
this occurs when salts from water used by plants remain in the soil and can cause lower yields.
farmers’ use of chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides and herbicides.

Topics 5.11 & 5.12: Challenges & Women in Agriculture

Identify one environmental issue related to agriculture and describe how it has created a challenge to modern agriculture.
Explain one social impact of urban farming.
Identify one geographic region experiencing high levels of food insecurity.
Describe one gender-specific obstacle women in agriculture face.

Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land Use

Topics 6.1 - 6.11 Topic 6.1: The Origin & Influence of Urbanization

What defines a city?
Name at least three features that a city must have to be considered a city.

Topics 6.2 & 6.3: Cities Across the World & Cities and Globalization

the counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities.
cities that exert influence beyond national boundaries.
the process of people moving from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of a city.
these cities have a population of more than 10 million people.
command centers on a regional, and occasionally national level, and are not as significant as world cities, but still hold influence.
rapidly growing communities that have a total population of over 100,000 people, and are not the largest city in the metro area.
continuous urban area with a population greater than 20 million people OR urban areas that have grown together to form a larger interconnected urban system.
large nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities.
a chain of connected cities.

Topic 6.4: The Size & Distribution of Cities

Define the following concepts
rank-size rule:
primate city:
gravity model:
Central Place theory:

Topic 6.5: The Internal Structure of Cities

Name the following city models, and their creators (in some cases):

Unit 7: Industrialization & Economic Dev.

Topics 7.1 - 7.8 Topic 7.1: The Industrial Revolution

Label the locations of the Industrial Revolution

Topic 7.2: Economic Sectors & Patterns

For each sector, write two job examples.
Primary:
Secondary:
Tertiary
Quaternary:
Quinary:

Topics 7.3 & 7.4: Measures of Development & Women

a composite measure of several factors indicating gender disparity.
the dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country in a year.
the way NGOs have helped women by providing loans to offer women to start or expand a business.
the portion of the economy that is monitored by the government.
the dollar amount of all goods and services produced by a country’s citizens in one year.
combines one economic measure (GNI per capita) with three social measures (life expectancy, expected years of schooling, and average years of schooling).
the portion of the economy not monitored by the government.