Post classical trade:

Silkroad: land based trade routes that linked regions of eurasia. Named after the most famous product

Silk: most traded product in the silk road

Porcelain:  Peasants would produce for the silk road which changed their lives.

Mahayana: type of buddhism formed after sinfication from china (spread of buddhism)

Bubonic Plague:Disease spread from China to Europe that killed A LOT!!!

Mediterranean sea trade: avenue of trade before the Indian ocean trade that eventually connected.

Venetian traders: Venice was a major trading center and the merchants picked up goods and resold them to the mediterranean basin.

Indian ocean trade:  Helped civilizations trade mass amounts of heavy material to other civilizations. Economic and stock improvement silk road 2.0 but sea

Monsoons: hurricanes that altered wind currents and many civs eventually learned how to deal with it.

Cotton goods: desirable goods from India.

Pepper: another good from india that was made for mass production

Ivory: tusks from an elephant used for weapons

Gold: economy and wealth increase

Bulk good trade: due to using ships as form of transportation, more goods were able to be traded at one time and led to cheaper prices

Junk: wooden Chinese ships used by merchants to carry goods along bodies of water

Dhow: ships used to carry heavy goods on the indian ocean trade

Swahili civilization: African civilization that emerged from Indian Ocean trade that flourished

Ibn battuta: Muslim traveler who visited Islamic cities and states

recorded his observations & published them → offered insight into what Muslim world was like

Great Zimbabwe: powerful state in African interior rose to prominence because of the gold trade to Eastern African coast

Post-Classical East and Southeast Asia:

Srivijaya - kingdom of malay that dominated a choke point of indian ocean trade in the straits of malacca that absorbed different cultural influences.

Funan: Kingdom that was rich and powerful and coins and goods from other civilizations found

impact of Indian Ocean Trade: Helped civilizations trade mass amounts of heavy material to other civilizations. Economic and stock improvement

Angkor Wat: A Hindu temple turned into a Buddhist temple

influence of India and China in SE Asia: India and China traded significantly with SE Asia through the Indian Ocean trade. Sinofication, spread of Buddhism.

Sui dynasty: Created canals to connect North and South China

Grand Canal: Vital to the economy of post-classical China and stability. Connected rivers in North and South to connect to parts of China

Tang dynasty: Gave women opportunity (Buddhism)

Song Dynasty: Confusionism and rapid economic development lead to Han dynasty’s oppressive patriarchal laws.

Chinese “golden age”: Significant art and literature. Sinifocation to East and SE Asia

Tang/Song bureaucracy: 6 major misnisttries. Exam system enforced. Studying important because books are available

economic revolution: ade ong dynasty populous and rich

new rice varieties: drought resistant. In Vietnam adopted into China. Helped with higher yields to support larger population

Hangzhou: Urbanization. Son Capital. Lots of people

Printing: Ability to create books for education

Gunpowder: for military use. Spread to Europe for cannons

foot binding: Practice in Song were women break foot bones to be smaller - beauty standard

women in textile industry: Tang, women dominated industry. When China commercialized men took the job.

pastoral nomads: Tang influenced by it. Less restrictions on women.

tribute system: Han dynasty saw them as superior and influence outside barbarians by ackonologing Chinese.

Xiongnu Empire: contributed to fall of Han. Raided Han and empire negotiated political equals.

Uighurs: Rescued Tang from internal revolts.

Silla Kingdom: allied with Tang Participated in tribute system and maintained political independence

Chang’an: Ancient imperial capital that played a vitall role in silk road

Hangul: Korean phonetic alphabet

Trung Trac: showed backlash of Vietnamese peasants against China authority. Trung sisters lead rebellion shpwomg great role of women

Shotoku Taishi: Led Japan’s voluntarily sinofication

Kyoto: Capital after Chang’an

Japanese fuelism: Never succeeded in centralized bureaucracy due to competition with local authority.

Samurai: Created by local authority as a military

Tale of the Genji: shows how Japan did not adopt Chinese gender roles (at least not a lot) as well as Heian court life, written by a women

Neo- confucianism: combination of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism

Flying cash: it was dangerous and burdensome to carry around heavier coins, so merchants were paid with paper certificates that had a tendency to blow away

Wu zhao:  was first and only woman emperor; unified China during Tang dynasty

Compass: first invented during Han then later improved; sailors used for navigation

The mongols:

Chinggis Khan: He was the supreme leader of the Mongol Empire in 1206, and was forced to go from pastoralism (nomadic) to hunting

Mongol World War:  half a century of military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building pursued by Chinggis Khan and his successors in Eurasia after 1209.

**Mongols religious tolerance:**In religious matters, the Mongols welcomed and supported many religious traditions—Buddhist, Christian, Muslim, Daoist—as long as they did not become the focus of political opposition.

Kublai Khan: He was a sovereign leader (Yuan Dynasty) and helped reunify China and changed from copper coins to paper money

Yuan Dynasty: First foreign ruled dynasty in China

Persian Illkanate: the il-khanate of Persia sought an alliance with European powers to take Jerusalem and crush the forces of Islam, but the Persian Mongols’ conversion to Islam soon put an end to any such anti-Muslim coalition.

Khanate of the Golden Horde:

Tribute: Russian princes received appointment from the khan and were required to send substantial tribute to the Mongol capital at Sarai, located on the lower Volga River

Pax Mongolica: a period of stability under the mongolian rule in 13th-14th centuries, and the mongols kept trade with China and Europe

Post-Classical Americas: Aztecs & Inca:

Tenochtitlan- powerful capital of the aztecs that was also capital to the mayans

Tribute- cost or people the aztecs would make neighboring tribes psay after conquest

Pochteca-  a class of professional traveling merchants

human sacrifice- practice to gods as tribute who specialized in long-distance trade

Quipus- not a written language but they use knots for record keeping from the Moche

Cuzco- Incas capital, developed into a complex urban center with religious and administrative functions

Inti- god of sun

Mita- the inca people used mita as a labor service for the conquered people, this was required fro a period for all house holds

gender parallelism- both Aztecs and Incas practiced this where male and females had separate roles but are considered equal

jade-* stone found in China and was used in burial rituals

chinampas-*  man made island bulit on a lake used for agriculture and to control flooding during rainy seasons

calendar-*

Quetzalcoatl* Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes

llamas-*  transport goods made possible specialized production and trade among people living in different ecological zones

Incan roads-* transportation of people going in between the empire for military and religious reasons

Ayllu- The clan that served as a social sub-unit. The ayllu was prominant in Andean civilizations

The Canterbury Tales →

written by Geoffrey Chaucer

concerns a group of people who meet at an inn and going on a pilgrimage together

shows the major role religion played in European lifestyle + how class interactions happened as a result of pilgrimages

also provided insight into how different social classes acted in medieval Europe

written in vernacular/Middle English

made the story accessible to a wider audience since most works back then were written in Latin (but peasants are j kinda illiterate)

btw order for english goes Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English, Late Modern English (insane)

Old English = cobbled together Celtic languages

Middle English = Scandinavian and French influences

Early Modern English = post Great Vowel Shift (changed how people pronounced different letters)

Late Modern English = what we use today with standardized spelling (but how many people even follow that spelling)