Chapter 1 A&P


●Anatomy: The study of the structures of the body.

 

●Physiology: The study of the functions of the body structures.


Levels of Organization

Subatomic

Atomic

Molecular

Macromolecular

Cellular

   Tissue

       Organ

           System >>> Organism

 

Life Functions: What do living things do?

●Boundaries: cellular and organismal

●Movement: mostly muscle, but also cells

●Responsiveness: sense changes

●Digestion: cellular and organismal break down

●Metabolism: chemical reactions

●Excretion: removing wastes

●Reproduction: asexual (cell division) and sexual (offspring)

●Growth: hyperplasia (growth from cell division) and hypertrophy (growth from cells getting bigger)


Organ system functions

●Question:  how do we get each cell to have all its needs accounted for??

 

●Answer: we are no longer a single cell, so we need organs and organ systems!



Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems



Integumentary

●Skin, Hair, Nails

 

●1. Protects body

●2. Creates a boundary for organism

●3. Maintains fluids inside


Skeletal

●1. Protection

●2. Shape/structure

●3. Muscle attachment (helps in movement)

●4. Blood cell manufacture


Muscular

●1. Shortens

●2. Moves joints

●3. Warms body/thermoregulation


Nervous

●1. Main controlling system of body

●2. Controls muscle contraction

●3. Controls glands

●4. Enables conscious and unconscious body responses



Endocrine, CV, Lymphatic/Immune, and Respiratory Systems


Cardiovascular

●1. Pumps/moves fluids/blood

●2. Contains vessels to direct flow

●3. Has fluid that transports all needed nutrients, wastes, hormones, respiratory gases, etc.


Lymphatic/Immune

●1. Picks up fluid outside cells and returns to CV system

●2. Identifies “invaders” and mounts attack against them


Endocrine

●1. Second major controlling system

●2. Works through hormone release


Respiratory

●1. Brings in Oxygen/O2 and delivers to blood.

●2. Picks up Carbon Dioxide/CO2 and returns to lungs for exhalation.

●3. Participates in blood acid/pH regulation


Urinary, GI, and Reproductive Systems









Urinary System

Kidneys filter blood

Filters blood

Excretes wastes, excess electrolytes, etc

Need sodium

Picks up waste


Gas

  • Stomach, intestines

  • Digestion- breaks down

  • When eating it breaks down comes out in waste

  • Have to absorb in blood stream

  • Would call it absorb-oration system

  • Obtains and absorbs nutrients into blood stream

  • Removes undigested/unabsorbed materials


Reproduction

  • ●1. Produces sex hormones (Estrogen and Progesterone or Testosterone)

    ●2. Produces sex cells (Eggs or Sperm)

    ●3. Has anatomic features to ensure fertilization

    ●4. Incubator for developing fetus (female)

  • Females have different trimesters

  • 4th trimester is the hardest


Imagery

  • Exploratory surgery

  • Sliced up to see if there’s anything

  • Ultrasound is more common now

  • Bhs tape can record ultrasound

  • Put jelly on stomach




Homeostasics

  • Body controls itself

  • We get an imbalanced

  • Stimulus gets changed

  • Picks up in hydrogen

  • Communicates

  • Have to breathe quicker

  • Speed up heart rate

  • Blood glucose at 90, get sugar, glucose will go up,insulin will go up