Unit 02: Basic anatomical organization and tissues

Research Study Invitation

  • Participants are invited to a research study on the impact of MindMatters Mini-Sessions.

  • Requirement:

    • Complete pre- and post-course questionnaires (approximately 15 minutes).

    • Enter a draw for $50 gift cards to the bookstore.

    • Procedure:

      • Follow the provided link to provide consent and complete the questionnaire.

Unit Overview

Basic Anatomical Organization & Tissues

  • Topic includes:

    • Chapters 1 and Atlas A

    • Chapter 5: Sections 5.1-5.4

  • Reminder: Anatomy & Physiology Revealed Assignment due on Monday, September 16 at 11:59 PM.

Interactive Tools

  • Slido usage for class engagement:

    • Link: https://app.sli.do/event/4tFXjbP

    • Event code: Peq3HJ7oU29oW3m

Definitions in Anatomy Study

Anatomy

  • Define "Anatomy" in one word via student interaction using Slido.

Physiology

  • Define "Physiology" in one word via student interaction using Slido.

Anatomical Variations

  • Focus on normal anatomical structures:

    • Pelvic kidney

    • Horseshoe kidney

    • Normal variations in branches of the aorta

Language of Anatomy

  • Medical terminology originates predominantly from Greek and Latin.

  • Important terms include:

    • Root (stem): Core meaning (e.g., cardi- means heart).

    • Combining vowels: Used to join roots (e.g., cardiomyopathy).

    • Prefix: Modifies core meaning (e.g., gastric).

    • Suffix: Changes meaning of a word (e.g., microscopic).

Importance of Accurate Spelling

  • Spelling is crucial in anatomy:

    • Example: "Ileum" (small intestine) vs. "Ilium" (hip bone).

Anatomical Terms Breakdown

Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots

  • Key prefixes and suffixes include:

    1. a-: without.

    2. acoust-: hearing.

    3. adipo-: fat.

    4. -algia: pain.

    5. andro-: male.

    6. angiо-: vessel.

    7. anti-: against.

    8. -ase: enzyme.

    9. auto-: self.

Understanding Anatomical Position

  • Definition of anatomical position:

    • Person standing with feet on the ground, arms at the side, palms facing forward.

  • All anatomical descriptions are based on this standard position.

Anatomical Planes

  • Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right.

  • Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides body into front (anterior) and back (posterior).

  • Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Directional Terms in Anatomy

Common Directional Terms

  • Ventral: Toward the front.

  • Dorsal: Toward the back.

  • Anterior: Toward the ventral side.

  • Posterior: Toward the dorsal side.

  • Superior: Above.

  • Inferior: Below.

  • Medial: Toward the middle.

  • Lateral: Away from the midline.

  • Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment.

  • Distal: Farther from the point of attachment.

  • Ipsilateral: On the same side.

  • Contralateral: On opposite sides.

  • Superficial: Closer to the body surface.

  • Deep: Farther from body surface.

Describe Anatomical Locations

  • Examples of anatomical relationships:

    1. Heart: Superior to the liver.

    2. Foot: Distal to the knee.

    3. Nose: Rostral to the brain.

    4. Belly button: Ventral to the large intestine.

Body Regions

Major Regions

  1. Axial Region: Head, neck, trunk (includes thoracic and abdominal regions).

  2. Appendicular Region: Upper and lower limbs.

Specific Body Region Terminology

  • Cephalic: Pertaining to the head.

  • Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit.

  • Carpal: Pertaining to the wrist.

  • Tarsal: Pertaining to the ankles.

Body Cavities and Membranes

General Overview

  • The body has several cavities lined with membranes containing viscera (internal organs).

Thoracic Cavity Details

  • Pleural Cavities: Enfold each lung with pleura - visceral pleura covers lung surface; parietal pleura lines rib cage.

  • Mediastinum: Space between lungs, housing the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus.

  • Pericardium: Membrane that encloses the heart, with visceral and parietal layers.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

  • Contains a two-layered serous membrane (Peritoneum).

    1. Parietal peritoneum: Lines cavity wall.

    2. Visceral peritoneum: Covers organs.

  • Contains organs like rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs.

Histology and Tissues

  • Definition: The study of tissues and their arrangement in organs.

  • Overview topics include epithelial tissues, connective tissue, and nervous/muscular tissues.

Interpreting Tissue Sections

  • Histologists slice tissues into thin sections; preservation methods include fixing agents like formalin.

  • Stains can be added for contrast in microscopy.

Types of Tissue Sections

  1. Longitudinal Section: Cut along the long axis.

  2. Cross/Transverse Section: Cut perpendicular to the long axis.

  3. Oblique Section: Cut at an angle.

Tissue Types

  • Four primary tissue types:

    1. Epithelial.

    2. Connective.

    3. Nervous.

    4. Muscular.

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

  • Cells occupy less space than the extracellular matrix (ECM).

  • Functions include:

    1. Support and protection of organs.

    2. Immune protection via white blood cells.

    3. Storage and transport of substances.

Understanding Epithelial Tissue

  • Functionality includes:

    • Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, forms linings of organs, and constitutes glands.

    • Avascular, relying on underlying connective tissue for nourishment.

Categories of Epithelial Tissue

Simple Epithelia

  • Cells touch the basement membrane (e.g., simple squamous).

Stratified Epithelia

  • Some cells rest on others without contacting the basement membrane (e.g., stratified squamous).

Specific Epithelial Types

Simple Squamous

  • Structure: Single row of thin cells for rapid diffusion.

Simple Cuboidal

  • Structure: Square or round cells aiding in absorption and secretion.

Simple Columnar

  • Function: Absorption, mucus secretion, found in GI tract.

Pseudostratified Columnar

  • Features: Multiple layers of nuclei, cilia, and goblet cells for mucus movement.

Stratified Squamous

  • Types:

    1. Keratinized: Found on skin surface, abrasion resistant.

    2. Non-keratinized: Found in moist areas, resists abrasion.

Stratified Cuboidal

  • Rare tissue type found in glands, such as sweat and ovarian follicles.

Connective Tissue Overview

  • Highly variable tissue type with diverse functions (binding, support, protection).

  • Types include fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone and blood.

Types of Connective Tissue

  1. Fibrous Connective Tissue:

    • Loose: Gel-like space, more ground substance.

    • Dense: More fibres than cells (tendons, ligaments).

  2. Adipose Tissue:

    • Dominated by adipocytes for energy storage and insulation.

  3. Cartilage:

    • Stiff tissue (e.g., ear, tip of nose, joints), produced by chondroblasts.

  4. Bone Tissue:

    • Compact and spongy types support structure and function in the skeleton.

Muscle Tissue Characteristics

  1. Skeletal Muscle:

    • Voluntary, striated with multiple nuclei.

  2. Cardiac Muscle:

    • Involuntary, striated, with intercalated discs.

  3. Smooth Muscle:

    • Involuntary, non-striated, found in hollow organs.