unit one colonization test

Study Guide

Mercantilism – there is a finite amount of wealth in the world and every country must grab as much of it for themselves

as possible ➔ create colonies in order to gain natural resources and wealth through trade

Joint-Stock Companies - group of investors pool their money to help pay for the activities of the business = share in

profits or loss = minimizes risk to one sole investor

Pilgrim/Puritan Differences

Pilgrims – Originally called “Separatists” since they wanted to break away from the Church of England = believed that the church was corrupt and could not be reformed

Puritans – Did not want to break away from Church of England = believed that the church needed to be cleansed of corrupt practices

The Mayflower Compact – agreement between all 42 adult men onboard the Mayflower after arrival in North America in 1620

• Pilgrims facing mutiny/rebellion from “strangers” (non-Pilgrims) = angry they were not in Virginia

• Compact recognizes king James as their ruler

• Agreement to establish a government in Massachusetts

• Recognize civil society needs laws to remain peaceful and become prosperous

• Establishes – Popular Sovereignty = government gets its power from the people who agree to give up a little of their freedom to live in an orderly and secure society

Zenger Trial of 1735

Who? – John Peter Zenger, a German immigrant. & James Anderson, owner of a newspaper and journalist.

What? – Zenger printed articles written by Anderson criticizing Governor William Cosby

Where? – New York Colony

When? – November 1734 – August 1735

Why? – Zenger charged with “seditious libel” = written false statements about the government encouraging rebellion

How? – Defended by Andrew Hamilton = no libel if the statements are true

Establishes the idea of Freedom of the Press = democracy depends on citizens knowing what the government is doing so they can make informed choices when voting

Navigation Acts – series of laws passed by Parliament to control Colonial trade

1. All goods to be traded in the colonies must be transported in English or colonial made ships.

2. Certain products such as tobacco, wood, and sugar could only be sold to England or its colonies. 3. Products to be

traded in the colonies but made in Europe had to pass through England first where they were inspected and taxed.

4. Government officials were to tax any colonial goods not shipped to England for trade.

Colonists resort to smuggling and piracy to avoid the Acts / Britain also neglects to enforce them Dominion of New England ➔ New England colonies lose their charters and combined into “super” colony

Edmund Andros appointed governor = acts like a dictator & removes colonists political rights ➔ Glorious Revolution ends the Dominion ➔ Britain establishes policy of Salutary Neglect = colonies begin to ignore British laws and get used to ruling themselves and running their own affairs

Triangular Trade – a trade route with three routes between the Americas, Europe, and Africa

Example: Iron and rum sent from Thirteen Colonies to Africa ➔ Enslaved people sent from Africa to Caribbean

➔ Sugar and molasses sent from Caribbean to Thirteen Colonies

Indentured Servitude - Used to attract immigrants to America who could not afford cost of travel across the Atlantic

• Servants give up 4 to 7 years of labor (work) & Receive travel, shelter, food, clothing, and training in a trade/skill

• Suffer terrible treatment – long work hours, hard labor, and physical punishment

• Less than 10% live to see out contract

• Fails to satisfy demand for cheap labor in the Thirteen Colonies = replaced by African slaves

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – Thomas Hooker and 100 followers grew dissatisfied with Pilgrim rule

in MA = move and settle around the CT Valley – write an outline for government

Establishes Representative Government – the people who are subjected to government laws should be involved in

their creation – elect representatives to act on their behalf in government

Three Colonial Regions – climate and geography determine economy and culture

New England Colonies -

NH, MA, CT, RI

Middle Colonies –

NY, PA, NJ, DE

Southern Colonies –

MD, VA, NC, SC, GA

• Cold winters

• Rocky soil

• Forests

• Rivers

• Ship building

• Fishing and whaling

• Humid summers

• Cold winters

• Flat land

• Rivers and lakes

• Grain

• Iron

• Hot/humid summers

• Many rivers

• Flat coastal plains

• Some mountains

• Cash crops

Great Awakening The Enlightenment

a revival of Christianity begun in England in 1740s+ and

spread to Thirteen Colonies ➔ many fear people are

losing faith in God or only going through motions ➔

preachers travel through colonies spreading message

and encouraging conversion

• “Old Lights” (those who reject new message) vs.

“New Lights” - (followers of new style

preachers)

• Emphasis upon individual thought and close

relationship with God rather than following rules

of the church

Intellectual movement begun in Europe in 1600s

• Thomas Hobbes – people are greedy, selfish and cruel

therefore they need benign (good) dictatorship to protect

themselves from ea. other

• John Locke – People have natural rights including life,

liberty & property

• Voltaire – The church and government should be separated

and have no control over ea. other

• Montesquieu – The powers of the government must be

divided to avoid abuse of power

• Jean Jacques Rousseau – The people and govt. enter into

an agreement = lose some freedom for protection – people

can overthrow corrupt govt.

Both movements –

• Encouraged ideas of equality – no distinction between gender, wealth, race, or national origin

• Surge of literacy as newspapers and colleges established in America

• Increasing use of logic and reason to understand the world, question everything, and solve problems

Slavery – After Native Americans die in great numbers and too few indentured servants come to America, colonists turn

to Africans to meet their labor needs ➔ throughout 17th C. laws in VA are slowly changed to restrict the freedom of

Africans and ensure their enslavement

• 1619 - 20 Africans sold as indentured servants to Jamestown colonists

• 1639 – John Punch & 2 other indentured servants runaway. When they are caught, Punch – a black man – is

punished by being made to serve for life whereas his white accomplices receive additional years.

• 1655 – John Casor, an African runaway servant, is sued by his master and made to serve for life

Native Americans – mixed relationship with Europeans; sometimes positive but mostly negative

Examples of Positive Relationship Examples of Negative Relationship

• Pocahontas encourages trade in Jamestown

• Squanto negotiates peace bet. Pilgrims and

Wampanoag

• Hobomec helps est. fur trading bet.

Pilgrims/Wampanoag

• Thanksgiving – Pilgrims/Wamp. both contribute to

meal

• Died of disease inadvertently introduced by

Europeans

• Enticed to get drunk to be punished by law or

cheated in trade deals

• Forced to obey English laws

• Encouraged, enticed, forced to convert to Christianity

Sometimes Native Americans fought back against English invasion; Massacre of 1622 (Jamestown) & King Philip’s War 1675 (Massachusetts)

Consumer Revolution ➔ beginning in the late 17th C. wages increased and people began to buy more than they needed to survive

• Social structure not as rigid in Thirteen Colonies ➔ hard work pays off = people easily change social status

• Luxury goods define social status ➔ fashions constantly change as lower classes try to keep up w/ higher class

• Wealthy stay ahead by engaging in intellectual pursuits ➔ lower class lack leisure time to compete w/ wealthy

Remember a 3.8 paragraph consists of the following -

Assertion – Something you are trying to prove AND a three ideas showing how you’ll prove it.

One Sentence for each item = three points in eight sentences

Proof

FRED 1 – Give a Fact, Reason, Evidence, or Detail that is tied to your claim.

Think: What happened?

Analysis, Interpretation, & Meaning 1 – Explain how your previous sentence proves the

claim or what it reveals to you.

Think: Why this happened?

FRED 2 – Give a different Fact, Reason, Evidence, or Detail that is tied to your claim.

Think: What happened?

Analysis, Interpretation, & Meaning 2 – Explain how your previous sentence proves the

claim or what it reveals to you.

Think: Why this happened?

FRED 3 – Give your final Fact, Reason, Evidence, or Detail that is tied to your claim.

Think: What happened?

Analysis, Interpretation, & Meaning 1 – Explain how your previous sentence proves the

claim or what it reveals to you.

Think: Why this happened?

Evaluation – Explain why this topic is important to the present-day.

Think: Why does this matter now?

Using quotes as evidence –

1. Introduce your quote. Provide enough background details for it to make sense to your reader

Example, William Winter defended his wife’s actions when he said of the maid’s behavior,

2. Blend your quote into your introduction. Your evidence should flow seamlessly from your introduction.

Example, “She has never been able to milk a cow or a goat since she arrived”

3. Explain how it fits. State why your quote helps to answer the question or what it reveals to you.

Example, This shows that the maid was so bad at her job that Mrs. Winter lost her patience and hit her.