HB-HP_4.2 (3)
Page 1: ANKLE's Shoe Drive
Event: Step Up and Donate: Join ANKLE's Shoe Drive!
Purpose: Collect gently used shoes to support those in need during winter.
Contact Information:
Follow on Instagram for updates.
Email: katownsend@uiowa.edu for questions and opportunities.
Donation Period: December 2nd - December 13th.
Locations:
CRWC Main Lobby
IMU Welcome Center
ANKLE Pre-Podiatric Society
Page 2: Exam 3 Information
Return of Exams:
Handed back in labs this week.
Pick-Up Options:
After lecture or at office 168 BB (Wed. 2:30-4:00 pm).
Scores Posting: Scores and Exam Key will be available on Gradescope via ICON after the lecture.
Exam Corrections Assignment (optional):
Same instructions as previous exams.
Due by next Monday (Dec. 9th) at midnight.
Page 3: Upcoming Class Schedule
Week 13 (11/19 - 11/29):
Tu 11/19: 4.1 Organ Systems: The Reproductive System & Sexual Reproduction
Th 11/21: Exam 3
11/25 - 11/29: No Class (Fall Break)
Week 14 (12/3 - 12/12):
Tu 12/3: 4.2 Meiosis Review & Inheritance Patterns
Th 12/5: 4.3 Evolution I
Week 15 (12/10 - 12/12):
Tu 12/10: 4.4 Evolution II
Th 12/12: 4.5 The Immune System
Page 4: Final Exam Details
Date/Time: Mon. 12/16 from 12:30-2:30 pm in 100 PH
Total Points: 150 points, can earn up to 160 points.
Unit 4 Material: 70 points (35 multiple choice questions x 2 pts each, short answer questions on genetics problems).
Comprehensive Material: 70 points (35 multiple choice questions x 2 points each).
Study Guide: Posted in Final Exam Information Module on ICON.
Cheat Sheet Allowed: 8.5 x 11, single-sided, must be printed.
Page 5: Educational Content
Title: HUMAN BIOLOGY
Focus: Lecture 4.1 - Sexual Reproduction & Meiosis
Page 6: Male Reproductive System Feedback Loop
Hormones Involved:
Hypothalamus secretes GnRH.
Anterior pituitary secretes LH and FSH.
Inhibin inhibits GnRH and FSH secretion.
Cell Functions:
Interstitial cells produce testosterone.
Sertoli cells produce inhibin and stimulate sperm production.
Sperm Formation: Testosterone stimulates sperm production.
Schematic: Cross-section of a seminiferous tubule showing testosterone-producing cells.
Page 7: Female Reproductive System
Ovarian Cycle Stages:
Follicular growth
Ovulation and hormonal regulation (Estrogen and Progesterone).
Uterine Cycle Phases:
Days of menstruation (1: Menstrual phase, 5: Proliferative phase, 14: Ovulation, 28: Secretory phase).
Page 8: Fertilization Process
Step 1: Sperm (~300 million per ejaculate) deposited in vagina near cervix (must be open during ovulation).
Step 2: Sperm swim through cervical mucus into uterus and oviducts.
Page 9: Competence of Sperm
Step 3: Single egg released per cycle; sperm must reach the correct oviduct.
Step 4: Sperm compete to penetrate egg's protective layer using acrosome enzymes; only one sperm nucleus enters egg.
Page 10: Early Stages of Pregnancy
If Pregnancy Occurs:
Embryo produces hCG.
hCG maintains corpus luteum, ensuring high estrogen and progesterone to support endometrium.
After implantation, placenta takes over hormone production.
Page 11: Stages of Embryonic Development
Stages:
2-cell to 8-cell cleavage.
Morula and blastocyst formation.
Implantation occurs around Day 5.
Page 12: The HPG Axis
Acronyms:
Female: Hypothalamus - GnRH - FSH/LH - Ovaries - Estrogen/Progesterone.
Male: Hypothalamus - GnRH - FSH/LH - Testes - Testosterone.
Page 13: Male Reproductive Anatomy
Key Organs:
Testis: produces sperm, testosterone, inhibin.
Scrotum: regulates temperature for sperm.
Epididymis: matures sperm.
Accessory Glands: Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland.
Page 14: Definitions of Sexual Reproduction
Concept: Sexual reproduction involves merging gametes from two organisms, forming offspring with two chromosome sets.
Page 15: Somatic vs. Germ Cells
Types of Cells:
Somatic cells: undergo mitosis.
Germ cells: undergo meiosis resulting in gametes (spermatocytes and oocytes).
Page 16: Meiosis Overview
Process: Meiosis produces haploid gametes from diploid cells; not sexual reproduction itself but essential for it.
Page 17: Meiosis Mechanism
Haploid Requirement: Gametes are haploid (one genome each) from two parents.
Process: Reduction division from diploid to haploid gametes.
Page 18: Meiosis Comparison to Mitosis
Interphase: Both processes are preceded by interphase.
Key Differences: Meiosis results in haploid cells, while mitosis maintains diploid count.
Page 19: Understanding Meiosis II
Outcome: Daughter cells post meiosis I are already haploid before meiosis II division.
Page 20: Key Differences Between Meiosis and Mitosis
Mitosis vs. Meiosis:
Mitosis: 1 round, diploid, genetically identical.
Meiosis: 2 rounds, haploid, genetically diverse (recombination).
Page 21: Chromosome Inheritance Issues
Gene Allegiance: Each gene present in two copies; incorrect copies lead to issues.
X and Y chromosome exception.
Page 22: Nondisjunction Errors
Aneuploidy: Incorrect number of chromosomes; results from nondisjunction.
Gene Dosage: Copy number of genes is crucial.
Page 23: Trisomy Conditions
Conditions: Trisomy refers to three copies of a chromosome leading to anomalies (e.g., Down Syndrome - Trisomy 21).
Symptoms: Short stature, flat face, learning impairment; increased occurrence with maternal age.
Page 24: Monosomy Overview
Definition: Monosomy is inheriting one chromosome of a pair, usually lethal except for Turner syndrome (X chromosome only).
Characteristics: Female presentation, short stature, infertility, normal intelligence with hormone therapy.
Page 25: Genetic Variation Overview
Introductory Note: Genetic variation and inheritance reviewed through traits.
Page 26: Key Questions on Genetics
Topics of Inquiry: Definition of a gene, gene arrangement on chromosomes, meiosis processes and their impact on diversity, gene interaction with phenotypes.
Page 27: Inheritance Basics
Contributions: Each parent’s genetics contribute equally to their offspring's traits (character and trait definitions).
Page 28: Chromosome Definitions
Autosomes vs Sex Chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
Homologous Chromosomes: Characteristics and alleles defined.
Page 29: Genetic Alleles Overview
Gene Arrangement: Genes on chromosomes with varying alleles; e.g., alleles for eye color.
Page 30: Genotype and Phenotype
Definitions: Genotype represents set of alleles; phenotype is the observable trait.
Page 31: Dominance Concepts in Genetics
Example Query: Relationship between alleles and phenotype expressed.
Page 32: Dominant vs Recessive Alleles
Definitions: Dominant alleles mask other alleles; recessive is only expressed when homozygous.
Page 33: Case Study—Cystic Fibrosis
Allele Interaction: Genetic interaction demonstrating dominance.
Page 34: Meiosis I Phases
Phases Explained: Key processes contributing to genetic variation during meiosis I.
Page 35: Recombination Process
Overview: Homologous chromosomes exchanging DNA regions during Prophase I.
Page 36-37: Gene Combinations via Meiosis
Chromosome Production: Description of potential outcomes due to recombination.
Page 38-39: Meiosis I Continuing Conclusions
Process Breakdown: Detailed steps creating genetic diversity through random chromosome alignment and recombination.
Page 40: Genetic Diversity in Meiosis
Independent Assortment Explanation: Importance of random chromosome sorting during gamete formation.
Page 41-43: Genetic Combinations
Variability: Opposite chromosome arrangements leading to diverse offspring traits.
Page 44: Poetic Insight into Meiosis
Reflection on Meiosis: Emphasizes the importance and complexity of meiosis in genetic diversity.
Page 45-46: Family Genetic Traits Exercise
Activity Overview: Explore family genetics via traits, lineage, and reasoning behind trait appearance/disappearance.
Page 47: Homozygous Crosses Overview
Outcome Characteristics: Crosses between homozygotes highlighted.
Page 48: Heterozygote Crosses Overview
Result Distribution: Describes expected offspring variations in heterozygote crosses.
Page 49-50: Traits and Genetic Key Definitions
Key Traits Examined: Explore connections of genetic traits (free earlobes and hairline characteristics).
Page 51-53: Trait Combinations and Cross Outcomes
Allele Interactions: Understanding contributions to allele combinations and big numbers in trait crosses.
Page 54: Incomplete Dominance Concept
Phenotype Explanation: Heterozygous individuals with blended traits.
Page 55-57: Sickle Cell Anemia Example
Trait Discussion: Highlight differences in normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin expression.
Page 58: Codominance in Blood Types
Blood Type Contributions: Various blood types and their genetic implications—expressions of both alleles.
Page 59: Genetic Variance in Traits
Polygenic Traits: Definition and examples covering traits like skin and eye color.
Page 60: Phenotype Influences
Interaction Models: Effect of environment on phenotype; nutrition, diseases, etc.