Genetics+final+exam+review+sheet+2024

Genetics Final Exam Review

Emphasis on Exam Operations

• The final exam will focus significantly on conducting operations.

• There will only be one essay included in the final exam.

Required Operations

1. Probability of Offspring Genotype and Phenotype

   • Be familiar with the multiplication and addition rules for determining the probabilities.

   • Given paternal genotypes, determine genotypic probabilities for any alleles, even with multiple genes.

2. Recognizing Proportions of Offspring

   • Understand extensions of normal Mendelian inheritance:

     • Lethality in Combinations: Observed proportions of 1/3 and 2/3 in living offspring.

     • Co-dominance vs. Incomplete Dominance: Recognize the differences between these inheritance patterns.

     • Epistasis Combinations: Understand how multiple genes can interact.

     • Genomic Imprinting: Be familiar with how gene expression can be affected by the parent of origin.

3. Determining Genetic Inheritance via Pedigrees

   • Analyze pedigrees for various modes of inheritance:

     • Autosomal Recessive

     • Autosomal Dominant

     • X-linked Recessive

     • X-linked Dominant

     • Y-linked Dominant

4. Gene Mapping

   • Understand the determination of distances on a physical recombination gene map.

   • Be capable of performing:

     • Two Point Test Cross

     • Three Point Test Cross

5. Types of Chromosome Mutations

   • Familiar with how they change gene organization:

     • Duplications: The presence of an extra segment of a chromosome.

     • Deletions: Loss of a segment.

     • Inversions: Reversal of a segment in a chromosome.

     • Translocations: A segment of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome.

6. Mapping an Operon

   • Identify genes part of an operon or regulating it by analyzing mutant data.

7. Gel Electrophoresis and Restriction Enzymes

   • Interpret results from gel electrophoresis and understand physical mapping by restriction enzymes.

8. Genome Browser

   • Familiarize yourself with how to read data on a genome browser.

9. Molecular Genetic Analysis

   • Different forms of analyses and what they test:

     • PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction

     • RT-PCR: Reverse Transcriptase PCR

     • RNAi: RNA interference

     • CRISPR: Gene-editing technology

     • Difference between Forward and Reverse Genetic Techniques

     • Haplotypes: Definitions and functions

     • Microarrays: Their uses in genetics.

Recognizing and Working with Quantitative Traits

1. Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative traits.

2. Set up and interpret experiments to determine loci involvement in quantitative traits.

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

• Be capable of calculating allele and genotype frequency in specified situations:

  • Two alleles of one gene

  • X-linked alleles

  • Multiple alleles at one locus

Essay Topics for the Exam

• There will be one essay topic chosen from:

1. Mendel’s design and observations of inheritance.

2. Thomas Hunt Morgan’s contribution to mapping the genome.

3. Determining DNA structure (Griffith, Avery, Hersey-Chase, Chargaff, Watson, Crick, Franklin).

4. Barbara McClintock’s work on transposable elements.

5. Human genome sequencing approaches (Human Genome Project vs. Celera).

6. Fire’s and Mello’s research on RNAi and its implications for reverse genetics.