May 27 at 17_04

Definition

Term

Distance

how much ground an object has covered in total

Displacement

how far out of place an object is from the reference point, including direction

Average Formula

Average=Total Sum of All NumbersNumber of Items in the Set\text{Average} = \frac{\text{Total Sum of All Numbers}}{\text{Number of Items in the Set}}

Variable

Factor changed in an experiment.

Independent Variable

(I change). Variable that is manipulated/changed.

Dependent Variable

(Data). Variable that responds to the independent variable.

Constant/Controlled Variable

Fact-based information you experience through one of your five senses.

Hypothesis

What you think or decide about something you have observed.

Observation

LARGER

Inference

SMALLER

Metric Conversions

Metric Conversion

King Henry Died Unusually Drinking Chocolate Milk

Metric Conversion Values
  • Kilo: 10×10×1010 \times 10 \times 10 times LARGER than a unit; 1 kilo = 1,000 units
  • Hecto: 10×1010 \times 10 times LARGER than a unit; 1 hecto = 100 units
  • Deca: 1010 times LARGER than a unit; 1 deca = 10 units
  • Unit: 1 unit (Meter, Liter, Gram)
  • Deci: 1010 times SMALLER than a unit; 10 deci = 1 unit
  • Centi: 10×1010 \times 10 times SMALLER than a unit; 100 centi = 1 unit
  • Milli: 10×10×1010 \times 10 \times 10 times SMALLER than a unit; 1,000 milli = 1 unit
Examples
  • kg: kilogram
  • hL: hectoliter
  • hg: hectogram
  • daL: decaliter
  • dag: decagram
  • dm: decimeter
  • dL: deciliter
  • dg: decigram
  • cm: centimeter
  • cg: centigram

Conversions

Metric

  • 1 meter:
    • 0.0010.001 km
    • 100100 cm
    • 1,0001,000 mm
  • 1 centimeter:
    • 0.000010.00001 km
    • 0.010.01 m
    • 1010 mm
  • 1 kilometer:
    • 1,0001,000 m
    • 100,000100,000 cm
    • 1,000,0001,000,000 mm
  • 1 millimeter:
    • 0.0000010.000001 km
    • 0.0010.001 m
    • 0.10.1 cm
  • 1 gram:
    • 0.0010.001 kg
    • 1,0001,000 mg
  • 1 kilogram:
    • 1,0001,000 g
    • 1,000,0001,000,000 mg
  • 1 milligram:
    • 0.0000010.000001 kg
    • 0.0010.001 g
  • 1 liter:
    • 1,0001,000 mL
  • 1 milliliter:
    • 0.0010.001 L

Notes on Metric Conversions

  • LARGER: DIVIDE numbers by 10 if you are getting bigger (same as moving decimal point one space to the left).
  • SMALLER: MULTIPLY numbers by 10 if you are getting smaller (same as moving decimal point one space to the right).

Distance and Displacement Problems

Key Concepts

  • Distance: Total ground covered.
  • Displacement: How far out of place an object is from the reference point, including direction.

Rules

  • SAME DIRECTION: ADD
  • OPPOSITE DIRECTION: SUBTRACT

Problems

1
  • Student travels 5 km north, then 3 km south.
    • Total distance: 5+3=85 + 3 = 8 km
    • Displacement: 5−3=25 - 3 = 2 km north
2
  • Student travels 100 km south, stops, then continues 73 km south.
    • Total distance: 100+73=173100 + 73 = 173 km
    • Displacement: 100+73=173100 + 73 = 173 km south
3
  • Student travels 2 meters east, 17 meters west, then 5 meters east.
    • Total distance: 2+17+5=242 + 17 + 5 = 24 m
    • Displacement: 17−2−5=1017 - 2 - 5 = 10 km west
4
  • Student travels 16 meters east, stops, turns around, and travels 600 meters west.
    • Total distance: 16+600=61616 + 600 = 616 m
    • Displacement: 600−16=584600 - 16 = 584 m west
5
  • Student travels 1,200 km north, then 1200 km east, then 1200 km south.
    • Total distance: 1200+1200+1200=3,6001200 + 1200 + 1200 = 3,600 km
    • Displacement: 12001200 km east
6
  • Student travels around a 100 m track four times and returns to the start.
    • Total distance: 100+100+100+100=400100 + 100 + 100 + 100 = 400 m
    • Displacement: 00 m (starting at the same location)

Practice Graphing

Tips for Graphing

  • Make sure the intervals are even when making your axis.
  • X-axis is time, and Y-axis is distance.
  • If an object is getting further away, the distance is increasing (getting further from 0).
  • If an object is getting closer, the distance is decreasing (getting closer to 0).
  • If the object is staying still, the distance remains the same.
  • CONNECT ALL POINTS WITH A LINE

Object 1
Time (seconds)
Distance (km)

  1. 0
  2. 0
  3. 0
  4. 0
  5. 0
  6. 0
  7. 0
  8. 0
  9. 0
  10. 0
    What is the total distance the object traveled? 20 km
    What is the total displacement the object traveled from the origin? 4 km

Object 1
Time (seconds)
Distance (km)

  1. 0
  2. 0
  3. 0
  4. 0
  5. 0
  6. 0
  7. 0
  8. 0
  9. 0
  10. 0
    What is the total distance the object traveled? 8 km
    What is the total displacement the object traveled from the origin? 6 km

Interpreting Graphs

Key Concepts
  • Steeper Line: The object is moving faster.
  • Horizontal Line: The object is staying still.
  • Negative Slope: The object is moving back to its starting point.
Example 1
  • Tom starts from home.
  • Line not too steep: this means Tom slows down.
  • Furthest Tom gets from home.
  • Negative slope means Tom is walking back to his home.
  • Tom returns home.
Calculations and Descriptions
1. Distance between A and B
  • 60 km
2. Distance between B and C
  • 0 km
3. Distance between C and D
  • 60 km
4. Total distance between A and D
  • 120 km
5. Displacement between A and D
  • 0 km
Description of movement from A to D
  • From A to B, the object traveled 60 km away from the start in 1.5 hours. Then, from B to C, the object stayed in the same spot. Then, from C to D, the object traveled 60 km back towards the start in 0.5 hours.
Example 2
Calculations and Descriptions
6. Distance between A and B
  • 6 miles
7. Distance between B and C
  • 6 miles
8. Distance between C and D
  • 0 miles
9. Distance between D and E
  • 18 miles
10. Displacement between A and E
  • 30 miles
Description of movement from A to E
  • From A to B, the object traveled 6 miles away from the start in one hour. Then, from B to C, the object traveled another 6 miles away from the start in one hour. Then, from C to D, the object stayed in the same spot for 0.5 hours. Then, the object sped up and traveled 18 miles to a distance of 30 total miles away from the start in 0.5 hours.

Practice Multiple Choice

  1. Description consistent with the graph: D) Anne drove briefly on a country road, then on a superhighway, and finished her trip on a country road.
  2. Which statement is an inference: C) Based on previous data, ten hurricanes may occur in the year 2013.
  3. Hypothesis for the experiment: C) If the water is hotter, then the detergent will make the clothes cleaner.
  4. Best way to gather information about rainfall pollutants: D) several separate samples on several rainy days.
  5. Final step of the scientific method: B) drawing conclusions
  6. Best unit of measurement for the distance between Atlanta to New York City: D) kilometer
  7. Units of volume from smallest to largest: A) milliliter, liter, kiloliter
  8. Term that is a unit of length: D) meter
  9. A unit of mass: B) kilogram
  10. Household chemicals should not be combined because: B) may result in hazardous combinations.
  11. To test a hypothesis, a scientist would: B) perform an experiment.

Whirly Birds Study Guide

Term

Model

Scientific representation of a phenomena. Models have three aspects: parts, labels, and a claim/sentence.

Average Formula

Average=Total Sum of All NumbersNumber of Items in the Set\text{Average} = \frac{\text{Total Sum of All Numbers}}{\text{Number of Items in the Set}}

Variable

Factor changed in an experiment.

Independent Variable

(I change). Variable that is manipulated/changed.

Dependent Variable

(Data). Variable that responds to the independent variable.

Hypothesis

Proposed explanation for a phenomenon. How to write a hypothesis: If the (independent variable) changes, then the (dependent variable) will.

Control Group

Group exposed to usual condition(s).

Experimental Group

Group exposed to special condition(s).

Observation

Fact-based information you experience through one of your five senses.

Inference

What you think or decide about something you have observed.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions.

Whirly Birds Practice Questions

Procedure for Ms. Greenwald

  1. Ms. Greenwald builds a whirly bird with 0 paper clips and a whirly bird with 10 paper clips.
  2. Ms. Greenwald tests the whirly bird with 0 paper clips by dropping it at a height of 4 meters and records the time it took to fall to the ground.
  3. Ms. Greenwald repeats for 4 trials and calculates the average.
  4. Ms. Greenwald tests the whirly bird with 10 paper clips by dropping it at a height of 4 meters and records the time it took to fall to the ground.
  5. Ms. Greenwald repeats for 4 trials and calculates the average.

Independent vs. Dependent Variable

The independent variable is manipulated/changed (I change this aspect of the experiment). Whereas the dependent variable responds to a change in the independent variable (the data collected).

Independent Variable in Scenario

Weight or number of paper clips.

Dependent Variable in Scenario

Time it takes for the whirly bird to drop or remain in the air.

Hypothesis for Scenario

If the number of paper clips on a whirly bird increases the weight, then the time it will take for the whirly bird to drop will decrease.

Observation vs. Inference

An observation is fact-based information you experience through one of your five senses. There is no conclusion made about an observation. An inference is something you decide about an observation and predict about what you have observed.

Calculating Averages

(3.3 + 5.1 + 4.2 + 1.3) / 4 = 3.475 seconds
Components of a model

Example
Model 3 components All parts, With labels and Sentence/claim
Conclusions about the affect of weight affecting time for whirly bird to land
As the weight of a whirly bird increases, the amount of time it takes for the whirly bird to land will decrease.
Variables to change in Ms. Greenwald experiments
Options shape, length of the whirly bird wings, height of the base, type of paper, number of folds.
Variables kept constant (did not change) during the experiment
Options: height dropped, length of the wings, type of paper, height of the base, temperature of the room, air flow in the room, person who dropped the whirly bird.

NOTE: TIME IT TAKES FOR THE WHIRLY BIRD TO DROP DID NOT REMAIN CONSTANT
It is important to do more than one trial to obtain more accurate results thus decreasing the likelihood of errors.

Control and Experimental Groups for Experiment

Control Group

A normal whirly bird with 0 paper clips dropped at a height of 4 meters.

Experimental Group

A normal whirly bird with 10 paper clips dropped at a height of 4 meters.

The Scientific Method

Ask a Question -> Do Background Research -> Construct a Hypothesis -> Test with an Experiment -> Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions -> Communicate Results & Troubleshoot the procedure/ Ask a Question

Newton's Laws: Study Guide

Definitions

Force

Push or pull on an object, that causes a change in its position/move measured in Newtons

Distance

How much ground an object has covered in total

Displacement

How far out of place an object is from the reference point, including direction

Balanced Force

All forces are equal to each other

Unbalanced Force

All opposite forces are not equal to each other

Newton's 1st Law

A body remains at rest, or in motion at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

Inertia

The continuation of an object in its current motion (until some force causes its speed or direction to change)

Newton's 2nd Law

The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied (F=M∗aF = M * a)

Newton's 3rd Law

Whenever one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite on the first (every action has an equal and opposite reaction)

Applied Force

Force that is applied to an object by a person or another object. (opposite direction of frictional force)
Example: If a person is pushing a desk across the room, then there is an applied force acting upon the object. The applied force is the force exerted on the desk by the person.

Gravitational Force

Force with which the earth, moon, or other massively large object attracts another object towards itself. On Earth, gravitational force is 9.8 N/kg

Normal Force

Force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object.
Example: If a book is resting upon a surface, then the surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in order to support the weight of the book.

Frictional Force

Force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it or makes an effort to move across it (opposite direction of applied force)

Example: If a book slides across the surface of a desk, then the desk exerts a friction force in the opposite direction of its motion.

Net Force

Sum of all the individual forces
How to calculate net force: ∣(gravitationalforce−normalforce)+(appliedforce−frictionalforce)∣|(gravitational force - normal force) + (applied force - frictional force)|

Newton's Laws

  1. Newton's 1st Law: A body remains at rest, or in motion at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
  2. Newton's 2nd Law: The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied (F=M∗aF = M * a).
  3. Newton's 3rd Law: Whenever one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite on the first (every action has an equal and opposite reaction).

Problems

  1. 3
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 2
  5. 3
  6. 2
    1. 1
    2. 2
    3. 1

Which Law Is It?

  1. If you walk on a log that is floating in the water, the log moves backwards. Newton's Third Law. Whenever one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite on the first (every action has an equal and opposite reaction).
  2. Heavier football players tend to play on the front line. Newton's 2nd Law. The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied (F=MaF=Ma).
  3. Many automobile passengers have suffered neck injuries when struck by cars from behind. Newton's First Law. A body remains at rest, or in motion at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

How does changing the size of mass impact the sum of forces

1. How does the size of the objects impact the sum of forces?

Size has a direct relationship on the sum of forces

2. What happens to force when the size of the object increases?

When size/mass increases, the force also increases

3. What happens to force when the size of the object decreases?

When size/mass decreases, the force also decreases

How does changing the distance between objects impact the sum of forces

4. How does the distance between the objects impact the sum of forces?

Distance has an indirect relationship on the sum of forces

5. What happens to force when the distance between objects increases?

When distance increases, the force between objects remains the same

6. What happens to force when the distance between objects decreases?

When distance decreases, the force between objects remains the same

Identify the Force that is causing this motion to occur:
1. An acorn falling from a tree Gravitational force
2. A golf ball being hit by a golf club Applied Force
3. An airplane takes off on a runway Normal Force
4. A textbook sitting on a desk Normal Force
5. A soccer ball being kicked Applied Force
6. A hockey player falling on ice Frictional Force
7. A frog jumping up into the air Normal Force
8. A rocket ship leaving Earth's atmosphere Normal Force
9. A pen falls onto the floor Gravitational force
Determine if the scenario would be balanced or unbalanced
  1. An acorn falling from a tree Unbalanced
  2. A golf ball being hit by a golf club Unbalanced
  3. An airplane takes off on a runway Unbalanced
  4. A textbook sitting on a desk Balanced
  5. A soccer ball being kicked Unbalanced
  6. A hockey player falling on ice Unbalanced
  7. A frog jumping up into the air Unbalanced
  8. A rocket ship leaving Earth's atmosphere Unbalanced
  9. A pen falls onto the floor Unbalanced

Interpreting Free Body Diagrams

Key Concepts
  • Free-body diagrams show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object.
  • The size of the arrow reflects the magnitude of the force.
  • The direction of the arrow shows the direction the force is acting.
  • Represent the object by a box and draw the force arrow from the center of the box outward.
  • Depict all the forces that exist for that object in the given situation.

Force Key

  • Friction is abbreviated as FfrictF_{frict}
  • gravity is abbreviated as FgravF_{grav}
  • applied force is abbreviated as FappF_{app}
  • Normal force is abbreviated as FnormF_{norm}

Examples from the Transcript

Diagram 1

  • Applied force: 20 N
    • 2. Frictional force: 20 N
    • 3. Normal force: 10 N
    • 4. Gravitational force: 20 N
    • 5. Balanced or unbalanced? Unbalanced

Diagram 2

  • 1. Applied force: 5 N
  • 2. Frictional force: 5 N
  • 3. Normal force: 7 N
  • 4. Gravitational force: 7 N
  • 5. Balanced or unbalanced? Balanced

Calculating Net Force

Include direction for
force (should never be negative)

Diagram 1

What is the net force? 20 N
What direction is the object moving? Up
Is the object balanced or unbalanced?
Unbalanced

Calculating Net Force

Diagram 1

  1. What is the net force? 70 N
  2. What direction is the object moving? Left
  3. Is the object balanced or unbalanced? Unbalanced

Diagram 1

  1. What is the net force? ON
  2. What direction is the object moving? Object is not moving
  3. Is the object balanced or unbalanced? Balanced

Diagram 1

  1. What is the net force? 58 N
  2. What direction is the object moving? Up
  3. Is the object balanced or unbalanced? Unbalanced
    Calculate Force F=am

Diagram 1

  1. What is the net force? 0.1 N
  2. What direction is the object moving? Down
  3. Is the object balanced or unbalanced?
    Unbalanced

Distance & Displacement Graphs

  1. The data table below shows the distance over time for a red bumper car. Below, create a graph using the
    following data. Connect all four points with a line

Time (seconds)
Distance (m)

  • 0 1
  • 3 6
  • 6 6
  • 9 3
    What is the total distance traveled by the bumper car? 8 m
    What is the total displacement at 9 seconds? 3 m
    Describe what happened to the red bumper car from 0 to 3 seconds.
    The red bumper car moved from 1 km to 6 km away from the starting point.
    Describe what happened to the red bumper car from 3 to 6 seconds.
    The red bumper car stayed at 6 km and did not move.
    Describe what happened to the red bumper car from 6 to 9 seconds.
    The red bumper car moved from 6 km to 3 km back towards the starting point..
    Describe what happened to the red bumper car from 0 to 9 seconds.
    From 0 to 3 seconds, the red bumper car moved from 1 km to 6 km away from the starting point. Then the bumper
    car stayed in place at 6 km from 3 to 6 seconds. After, the bumper car began to return to the start and traveled
    from 6 km to 3 km from 6 to 9 seconds.

Force & Motion Study Guide

Force

A push or pull on an object that causes a change in its position/move measured in N

Friction

A force that acts at the surface between 2 objects
The amount of friction depends on the Surface

Speed/Velocity

The rate at which an object changes
(The higher the speed than object changers Speed the faster the object is moving)

Acceleration

Which measures its velocity/speed

Distance

How much ground an object has covered in total

Displacement

How far out of place an object if from the reference

Balanced Force

If all forces are equal to each other

Unbalanced Force

If one force is grater than the other then it will move in that direction

Newton's First Law

A body remains at rest
straight line, unless acted upon on an unbalanced force

Inertia

Motion

Newtons 2nd law

The acceleration of an object depends on the mass and the amount of force applied F=m

Newton's 3rd Law

Every action has an equal and opppsite reaction

Applied Force

force that is applied to an object By a person or anthing

Gravitational Force

force with which the earth moon or other massively large object attracts another obiet towards itself

Normal Force

force exerted upon an content with another object that is in stable object

Frictional Force

force exerted by a surface as an object man or makes an effort to move across acros it

Net force

Sum of all individual force
(gravatational force - normal force) +(applied fort - frictional force) never nagitive always towards Force: f=ma Units for force: N Acceletation: =
Velocity: mass an object is moring
Units for mass: kg Units for acceleration:%m/s² Units for velocity: 11/5 Formula =
WRITE the Definations for following: 1 Newton's First Law = > Abodyremains atrestar motion at a consistanst speed unless acted upon an 2 Newton's

Fre Body Diagram

Calculate Net orce for the following diagrams. Be sure to include the direction

Calculate the Force F=maF = ma

Calculate the force

for an object with a
mass of 90 kg and an
acceleration of 20
m/s. Show all work.

Calculate the force

for an object with a
mass of 999 kg and
an acceleration of
200 m/s. Show all
work.

Calculate the force

for an object with a
mass of 30 kg and an
acceleration of 40
m/s. Show all work.

Calculate the force

for an object with a
mass of 500 kg and
an acceleration of
45 m/s. Show all
work.

Calculate the force

for an object with a
mass of 4.1 kg and an
acceleration of 6.5
m/s. Show all work.

Calculate the force

for an object with a
mass of 3.2 kg and
an acceleration of
1.7 m/s. Show all
work.

Calculate the force

for an object with a
mass of 9.1 kg and an
acceleration of 0.03
m/s. Show all work.
N Calculate the force
for an object with a
mass of 2.09 kg and
an acceleration of
9.02 m/s. Show all
work.