Comprehensive Study Notes on Modern Indian History and British Acts and Freedom Movements

The All India Trade Union Congress ( $AITUC$ ) was established on $31^{st}$ of $\text{October}$ , $1920$ .
Its primary founder was $\text{Lala Lajpat Rai}$ , who also served as the organization's first president.
The formation took place in $\text{Bombay}$ . The first official session of the $\text{AITUC}$ was likewise conducted in $\text{Bombay}$ .

The $\text{Charter Act of 1813}$ is the historical legislation that governed the business and trade conduct of the $\text{British East India Company}$ .
The company was originally known as the $\text{Merchantile Company}$ .
The $\text{East India Company}$ was present in $\text{India}$ as early as $1599$ . Following the death of $\text{Akbar}$ , representatives appeared in the court of $\text{Jahangir}$ in $1605$ .
The $\text{Regulating Act of 1773}$ was the first attempt at administrative regulation, though it possessed significant loopholes.
To address these loopholes, the $\text{Fits India Act}$ was subsequently introduced.
The $\text{Charter Act of 1813}$ was part of a series of acts that were subject to renewal every $20$ years. This specific act effectively ended the trade monopoly of the $\text{East India Company}$ .

The $\text{Swadeshi Movement}$ began in $1905$ concurrently with the $\text{Partition of Bengal}$ .
The partition was carried out during the tenure of $\text{Lord Curzon}$ , referred to as $\text{Curzon}$ चाचा.
The $\text{Swadeshi Resolution}$ was officially accepted during the $\text{Calcutta Session}$ of $1906$ .
This session was headed by $\text{Dadabhai Naoroji}$ .
$\text{Dadabhai Naoroji}$ served as the head of the $\text{Indian National Congress (INC)}$ a total of three times.
The term $\text{Swaraj}$ was introduced for the first time by $\text{Dadabhai Naoroji}$ .
Both $\text{Dadabhai Naoroji}$ and $\text{Jawaharlal Nehru}$ hold the distinction of heading the $\text{INC}$ for the maximum number of times ( $3$ times each).

$\text{Swami Vivekananda}$ authored and popularized several concepts based on yoga and philosophy:
- $\text{Raj Yoga}$
- $\text{Karm Yoga}$
- $\text{Bhakti Yoga}$
- $\text{Jnana Yoga}$
He is closely associated with the $\text{Vedantu}$ theory and $\text{Vedanta}$ concepts.
He delivered a seminal speech at the $\text{World Parliamentary Conference}$ in $\text{Chicago}$ , where he famously used the address "Brothers and Sisters."
$\text{Saint of Dakshineshwar}$ refers to $\text{Ram Krishna}$ , who was a priest at the $\text{Dakiaeshwara Kali temple}$ .
$\text{Swami Vivekananda}$ established the $\text{Ram Krishna Mission}$ in $1897$ . He also established the $\text{Belor Math}$ (or $\text{Bellore Math}$ ) in $\text{Kolkata}$ .

$\text{Jatin Das}$ attained martyrdom while in jail following a hunger strike.
He passed away at the age of $24$ after a hunger strike lasting $63$ days in $\text{Lahore}$ jail. His final words were " $\text{Inquilab Zindabad}$ ."
The $\text{Pabna movement}$ occurred in $\text{1872}$ in $\text{Bengal}$ . This movement, like many social reform movements of the time, was directed against the $\text{Zamindari system}$ and British rule.

The $\text{Simon Commission}$ was formed in $1927$ and arrived/submitted its report in $1928$ .
It faced massive protests with the slogan " $\text{Simon Go Back}$ ."
The commission was tasked with creating a blueprint for the $\text{Constitution of India}$ . However, it was boycotted because it consisted entirely of British (white) members and included no Indians.
$\text{Clement Athley}$ was a member of the $\text{Simon Commission}$ and later became the Prime Minister.
During a protest against this commission, $\text{Lala Lajpat Rai}$ was fatally injured by a lathi charge. $\text{Bhagat Singh}$ later killed $\text{Sanders}$ to avenge this death.

The immediate cause for the $\text{Quit India Movement}$ was the failure of the $\text{Crips Mission}$ in $1942$ .
The movement was launched on the $8^{th}$ of $\text{August}$ , $1942$ , by $\text{Mahatma Gandhi}$ . It is known as the last major mass movement.
At the $\text{Tripuri Session}$ of $1939$ , $\text{Subhash Chandra Bose}$ was re-elected as the $\text{INC}$ head after defeating $\text{Sitaramayya}$ , who was the preferred candidate of $\text{Mahatma Gandhi}$ .
$\text{Bose}$ had previously headed the $\text{Haripura Session}$ in $1938$ .
After differing with the $\text{INC}$ , he quit the party in $1939$ and founded the $\text{Forward Block}$ .
Between $1942$ and $1943$ , he joined the $\text{Azad Hind Fauj}$ , though he was not its original founder.

The city of $\text{Calcutta}$ was established by $\text{Job China}$ in $1690$ .
The $\text{Hindustan Times}$ newspaper was founded by $\text{K.M. Panikkar}$ in $\text{Delhi}$ in $1922$ .
The slogan " $\text{Go Back to Vedas}$ " was coined by $\text{Dayanand Saraswati}$ .
$\text{Dayanand Saraswati}$ also founded the $\text{Arya Samaj}$ in $1875$ .
$\text{Raja Rammohan Roy}$ is the founder linked to the $\text{Brahmo samaj}$ .
$\text{Vande Mataram}$ was written by $\text{Bankim Chandra Chatterjee}$ .
The $\text{Asiatic Society of Bengal}$ was founded in $1784$ by $\text{William Jones}$ with support from $\text{Warren Hastings}$ . $\text{Warren Hastings}$ was the first $\text{Governor General of Calcutta}$ .
The $\text{London}$ branch of the $\text{All India Muslim League}$ was established in $1908$ by $\text{Ameer Ali}$ .
The $\text{Morley Minto reforms}$ in $1909$ introduced separate electorates for Muslims.

The $\text{Reserve Bank of India (RBI)}$ was established based on the recommendations of the $\text{young Hunten committee}$ .
Its establishment was formalized under the $\text{Government of India Act 1935}$ .
The $\text{Indian Independence Act 1947}$ ended the $\text{Secretary of State}$ 's power over civil service appointments and court reservations.

The $\text{Spice Islands}$ are located in $\text{Indonesia}$ and were a primary focus for the $\text{Ducce}$ (Dutch).
The $\text{USA}$ entered $\text{World War II}$ following the attack on $\text{Pearl Island}$ by $\text{Japan}$ .
The $\text{French}$ failed in their conflicts against the $\text{English}$ (including $\text{Canetic wars}$ and $\text{Anglo fringe wars}$ ) due to:
- Heavy control of $\text{French}$ companies by the $\text{French}$ government.
- Weak naval power.
- Absence of strong leadership.
Consequently, the $\text{French}$ were confined primarily to $\text{Puducherry}$ .
The $\text{Rohilla War}$ took place under $\text{Warren Hastings}$ around $1773$ .
Under $\text{Hastings}$ , judicial review was established, and $\text{Magistrates}$ could handle cases up to $150$ in value and issue punishments.

The $\text{Non-Cooperation Movement}$ ( $1920$ ) was suspended following the $\text{Chauri Chaura incident}$ in $\text{February}$ $1922$ , where a $\text{police chowki}$ was burned.
Following this event, $\text{Mahatma Gandhi}$ was arrested and the movement ended.
The $\text{Bhakti Cult}$ is characterized by its emphasis on devotion to God.