Module 2

1.    What is the basic unit of structure and function in the human body?

Cells are the basic unit of structure. Cells work to maintain homeostasis inside of the body.


2.    Define differentiated.

Differentiated cells are cells with specialized characteristics and fictions.


3.    Explain how cells differ from one another.

cells very in shape and size , structures and functions and inter-related


4.    Name and describe the three major parts of every cell.

Nucleus - Contain genetic material, directs cell activities

Cytoplasm - Consists of organelles, with specific functions , suspects in a liquid called cytosol.

Cell membrane - Outer boundary of a cell


5.    Define organelle.

Any structure in the cell that has a specialized function.


6.    List functions of the cell membrane. What does “selectively permeable” mean? What is the cell membrane made of?

Cell membrane protects it from its environment, regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, and facilities cellular communication and structural support.

Selectively Permeable - Regulates entry and exit of substances, fungal transduction: permits call to receive and respond to messages, consists mainly of lipids and proteins, with some carbohydrates.

A cell membrane is made out of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates.


7.    Explain the major classes of biomolecules found in the plasma/cell membrane and describe their functions.


8.    Explain the function of ribosomes and where they would be found.

Ribosomes are tiny, spherical structure composed of protein and RNA. They are scattered in the cytoplasm and bound to the rough reticulum another organelle.


9.    Explain the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and their functions.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Conducts protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Does not have Ribosomes conducts lipids synthesis


10.Explain the functions of vesicles.

Transports and stores substances


11.Explain the functions of the Golgi apparatus and its structure.

Sacs of flattened and membranous sacs. Refines, Packages, and delivers proteins made on the RER.


12.Explain the functions of the mitochondria and their structure. Know that ATP is an organic molecule that transfers energy and is used in cellular processes.

Mitochondria is a membrane bound fluid filled sacs. Their function is to house chemical reactions that extracts energy from nutrients. ATP (energy) is an organic molecule that transfers energy and used In cellular processes.


13.Briefly explain functions of lysosomes, peroxisomes, microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, centrioles, cilia, flagella, microvilli, and inclusions.

Lysosomes: Contains enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, bacteria, debris, worn out cell parts. “ Garbage disposal cell”

Peroxisomes: Contains enzymes that digest lipids, alcohol and hydrogen peroxide.

Microfilaments: Provides cellular movement, such as muscle contractions

Microtubules: Helps moves organelles

Intermediate filaments: Supports nuclear envelope

Centrioles: Spindle fibers during cell division, which distributes chromosomes to form daughter cells.

Cilia: Propels mucus in respiratory tract, propel mucus egg in uterus

Flagella: Causes the entire cell to move

Microvilli: increases surface area for better absorption of substances

Inclusions: may or not be present in a cell.


14..Explain the function of the nucleus.

Organelle that contains DNA that directs the activities of the cell.


15.Where is the nucleolus located? What is its function?

Has no surrounding membrane and is formed in specialized regions of certain chromosomes. The nucleolus is he sire of ribosome production.


16.Make sure that you know the difference between the nucleus and the nucleolus.

Nucleus contains DNA and directs cell activities and Nucleolus makes ribosomes.


17.Describe chromatin.

Threadlike structure composed of protein and DNA molecules. Carries information for synthesizing protein.


18.Distinguish between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.

Intracellular fluid is in fluid in the cell and extracellular fluid is fluid outside the cell.


19.Identify which types of molecule movements are passive processes. Explain what it means to be a passive movement.

Passive movements do not require cellular energy (ATP). Molecules that are passive movements are diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and filtration.


20.Describe the processes of diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and filtration.

Diffusion: Movement of atoms, molecules, or ions from region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Osmosis: movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion: follows the concentration gradient

Filtration: molecules are forced through membranes by exerting pressure.

21.Define osmotic pressure.

Ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water.


22.Define tonicity.

Ability of a solution outside a cell to alter water volume inside of a cell.


23.Define an isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solution. Be able to explain how each of these types of solutions can affect a cell. Your PowerPoint, labs, and videos in this module will help you. For example, if I place a red blood cell into a hypotonic solution, what will happen to it?

Isotonic: Same osmotic pressure: cells in an isotonic solution gave no net gain or loss of water. Cells maintains normal cell volume.

Hypertonic: higher osmotic pressure; cells in a hypertonic solution lose water. Cells shrink

Hypotonic: Lower osmotic pressure; cells in a hypotonic solution gain water. Cells swell


24.Identify which types of molecule movements are active processes. Explain what it means to be a active movement.

Active passive requires ATP to move substances across cell membrane. Molecule movements that are active process include active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis.


25.Describe active transport.

Movement of substances across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (against concentration gradient)


26.Define interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

Interphase: Growth of cells, maintenance of normal functions

Mitosis: Division of nucleus

Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm


27.Briefly describe what happens in the S phase and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

S phase: DNA is replicated during this phase

G1 phase: Structures and other molecules are duplicated


28.Describe each of the phases of mitosis and be able to identify them from pictures.

Prophase: Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite side of cytoplasm, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse.

Metaphase: Spindle fibers from centrioles attach to chromosomes and align them midway between centrioles.

Anaphase: Chromosomes separates and moves in opposite directions towards centrioles as the spindle fibers shorten

Telophase: Chromosomes return to chromatin structure, nuclear envelope forms around each chromosome set, and Nucleoli becomes visible.


29.Define apoptosis and necrosis.

Apoptosis: A cell that does not divide or differentiate (cell death)

Necrosis: Cell death resulting in damage.

 

Module 2, Chapter 4; Cellular Metabolism

 

30.Define metabolism.

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

31.Define anabolism and catabolism. Be able to identify examples of each (for example, the building of a protein would be anabolism, but the breakdown of the protein would be catabolism).

Anabolism: Small molecules are built into larger ones: requires energy.

Catabolism: Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones: releases energy.


32.What are enzymes made of?

Enzymes are made of long chains of amino acids


33.What is the function of enzymes?

Controls rate of both catabolic and anabolic reactions, greatly increases the reaction rate.


34.If you see a scientific word with -ase at the end, what does that tell you?

Many Enzymes are names after substrate with -ase at the end. -ase means that the substance is an enzyme.


35.Enzymes are specific for a particular __________.

Substrate


36.What is the active site of an enzyme?

The ability to recognize substrate depends on sheape of active enzymes


37.What does ATP stand for? What is the function of ATP?

ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP main function is to to power cellular activities


38.What does DNA stand for?

DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid


39.What is the function of DNA?

DNA function is to store the biological code needed to build grow and reproduce organisms and to guide the production of protein.


40.Define gene and genome.

A gene is a specific functional segment of dna that acts as a set of instructions for building proteins. A genome is the complete instruction manual.


  1. Is DNA made of a double helix or is it a single strand?

DNA is made of a double helix


42.What is the sugar in DNA?

The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose


  1. Name the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA.

  1. Adenine

  2. Thymine

  3. Cytosine

  4. Guanine


  1. Know which bases pair together in complementary base pairing.

Adenine (A) ALWAYS pairs with Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C) ALWAYS pairs with Guanine (G)


  1. Describe DNA replication

DNA replication is the process where a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA before diving.


46.What does RNA stand for?

RNA = Ribonucleic Acid


  1. Is RNA made of a double helix or is it a single strand?

RNA is a dingle strand


48.What is the sugar in RNA?

The sugar in RNA is Ribose


  1. Name the 4 nitrogenous bases in RNA.

  1. Adenine (A)

  2. Guanine (G)

  3. Cytosine (C)

  4. Uracil (U)

Adenine (A) PAIRS with Uracil (U)

Cytosine (C) PAIRS with Guanine (G)


50.Define and explain the steps of transcription and translation. How do they differ? What is being created in each?

Transcription:

Translation:

Module 2; Chapter 5; Sections 5.1-5.3 Tissues (Epithelial and Connective)

 52.Define tissue and histology.

Tissue: A group of similar cells with a common function

Histology: The study of tissues


  1. Name the 4 major types of tissues.

  1. Epithelial tissue

  2. Connective tissue

  3. Muscle tissue

  4. Nervous tissue


54.List three types of intercellular junctions and describe the characteristics of each.

  1. Tight Junctions - Close space between cells by fusing cell membranes

  2. Desmosomes - bind cells forming “spot welds” between cell membranes

  3. Gap junction - Form tubular channels between cells that allow exchange of substances


  1. List functions and characteristics of epithelial tissues.

Functions of the epithelial tissues are protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion

Characteristics of the epithelial tissues; lack blood vessels, cells readily divide, cells are tightly packed.


  1. Where is the free surface of an epithelial tissue located?

Cover body surface, cover and line internal organs, compose glands (on the outside)


57.Where is the basement membrane of an epithelial tissue located?

On the inside


  1. Do epithelial tissues have blood vessels? How do nutrients diffuse through epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue lack blood vessels. Nutrients diffuse to the epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue.


  1. Do epithelial tissues heal quickly or slowly? Why?

The Epithelial tissues cells readily divide; injuries heal rapidly


  1. Name and describe the three shapes of cells in epithelial tissues.

  1. Squamous - Flat

  2. Cuboidal - Cube shaped

  3. Columnar - Tall


  1. Name and describe the types of layers in epithelial tissues.

  1. Simple - one layer of cells

  2. Stratified - 2 or more layers of cells

  3. Pseudostratified - appears layered but is not


  1. Be able to combine what I asked in #60 and 61. For example, if I said a tissue was stratified cuboidal, what does that mean? Could you describe it or draw it? Could you look at a picture and be able to name the tissue?

If a tissue was stratified cuboidal it means that the tissue is cured shaped with 2 or more layers of cells.


  1. Which types of locations in the body have simple squamous epithelium? Why do you think that tissue is located in those places?

Simple squamous epithelium lines blood and lymphatic cells because they are a single layer of thin flat cells.


  1. Be able to list locations of various types of epithelial tissue.

Simple squamous - heart and blood vessels

Simple Cubodial- kidney tubules

Simple Columnar - stomach to anal canal

Pseudostratified - trachea and upper respiratory tract

65.Define gland.

Composed of cells that produce and secrete substances into the ducts or body fluid


66.Explain the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands.

Endocrine - secretes into tissues fluid or blood

Exocrine - secretes into ducts that open into a surface


67.Define merocrine gland, apocrine gland, and holocrine gland.

Merocrine Gland - Secretes fluid products by exocytosis; salivate and sweat glands,pancreas

Apocrine Gland - Lose small part of the cell during secretion; mammary and ceruminous glands

Holocrine Galnd - release entire cells filled with products; sebaceous glands


68.List functions and characteristics of connective tissues.

The characteristics of connective tissues is a large amount of extracellular matrix surrounding widely scattered cells. Their function consists of binding structures together, provided support and protection, serves as framework, fills spaces, produces blood cells, protects against infection and helps repair tissues damage.


  1. Do connective tissues have a blood supply?

Yes connective tissues have a good blood supply.


70.Explain characteristics that are different between epithelial and connective tissues.

In epithelial tissues cells are packed together and lacks blood cells while connective tissues are father together and have a good blood supply.


71.Explain characteristics and locations of areolar and adipose tissue.

Areolar - Forms thing, delicate membrane. Located beneath most epithelia

Adipose - Stores fat; cushions and insulates. Located beneath skin behind eyeballs, around heart and kidneys, in between muscles


  1. Explain characteristics of reticular connective tissue, dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and elastic connective tissue.

Reticular connective tissue - composed of a network of thin fibers, supports walls of internal organs

Dense regular connective tissue - closely pack collagenous fibers, fine network of elastic fibers, very strong, withstand pulling, binds body parts together, poor blood supply; slow healing.

Dense irregular connective tissue - randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers, is located around the skeletal muscles.

Elastic connective tissue - Abundant yellow elastic fibers, and some collagenous fibers, elastic quality stretches.


73.Explain the function of a fibroblast, macrophage, and mast cell.

Fibroblast - Secretes fibers into extracellular matrix

Macrophage - Defends against infection

Mast Cells - Releases histamine, which cause a inflammatory response


74.List the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue and explain their characteristics.

  1. Collagen Fibers - Thick threads of collagen, the body’s main structural protein, great tensile strength and flexible, slight elastic

  2. Elastic (Yellow) Fibers - composed of elastin proteins; branching, can stretch and return to original shape, not as strong as collagen fibers.

  3. Reticular Fibers - Thin branching fibers of collagen. Forms delicate supporting networks.


  1. Name the three types of specialized connective tissues.

  1. Cartilage

  2. Bone

  3. Blood


76.What is the name for a cartilage cell?

Chondrocyte


  1. Name three types of cartilage and explain their differences and where they would be located.

  1. Hyaline - Fine collagen in matrix. Located in the ends of bones in joints, nose, respiratory passages, and embryonic skeleton

  2. Elastic - Flexible due to elastic fibers in matrix. Located in external ear and larynx.

  3. Fibrocartilage - Very tough due to collagen fibers; shock absorber. Located


78.List characteristics and functions of bone. Supports protects and provides framework

Cells in solid matrix.

79.List basic functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Know that platelets are actually cellular fragments that come from a much larger cell called a megakaryocyte.

Red Blood Cells - Transport gases

White Blood Cells - defends against infection

Platelets - helps in blood clotting