Period 3 Vocab - APUSH

Part 1:

Seven Years War (French and Indian War) -  a war lasting from 1754-1763; begins with the issue of border definitions in the Ohio River Valley; British win against French/AI; lead to the demise of french power in NA and Britain becoming a dominant World empire

Albany Plan of Union - developed by Ben Franklin; intercolonial gov. and system to recruit troops/collecting taxes from colonies for defense; never took effect bc of preservation in self-taxation; A PRECEDENT FOR A REVOLUTIONARY CONGRESS IN 1776

Peace of Paris - the peace treaty negotiated between European powers; England -> French Canada and Spanish Florida (everything East of the Mississippi; Spanish -> territory West of the Mississippi (once owned by France)

Pontiac’s Rebellion - in 1763, Chief Pontiac launched attacks against the colonial settlements on the western frontier; mad that the Brits weren’t as nice as the French

Proclamation of 1763 - British tried to form an imaginary boundary through the Appalacians to prevent colonists from settling in the territory REDUCING friction between AI/settlers; instead several colonists were angered by this effort and moved across the line out of spite

Stamp Act Congress - first direct tax on the people of the colonies; on most printed paper products and charged those who used the goods

Sons and daughters of liberty - a secret society organized to intimidate tax agents; violent form of protesting -> destroy revenue stamps/tarred and feathers revenue officials

Committees of Correspondence - principle device in fueling the view that British officials were undermining colonial liberties; SAMUEL ADAMS; exchange letters between the committees about suspicious/threatening British activity

Intolerable Acts - aka the coercive acts; made to punish the Colonists for their actions in the Boston Tea Party; mainly towards boston/massachusetts; 4 main: port act (closed port), Mass. gov. act (reduced power), admin. of justice act (royal offs. tried in Britain), and quartering act (British troops can quarter anywhere)

Acts of Parliament - acts passed by the British Parliament to place more control over the colonies

First continental congress - a convention held in Philadelphia to respond to what the delegates viewed as Britain’s alarming threats to their liberties (most didn’t want independence at the time)

Second continental congress - another convention held in Philly except this time they were pretty divided; NE wanted independence from Brits whilst middle colonies thought that they just needed to renegotiate a new relationship w/ the crown -> Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms

Olive branch petition - congress’ attempt for a peaceful settlement; sent a plea of pledges to loyalty and asked the king to intercede w/ Parliament to secure peace/protection of colonial rights; was dismissed by the King

Declaration of Independence - a document drafted by Jefferson (as well as four others) to list the specific grievances of against George III and to express the basic principles justifying revolution; was adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776

Lexington and Concord - April 18, 1775 -> Thomas Gage seized colonial military supplies in Concord; Paul Revere and William Dawes warned the Minutemen (militia) of Lexington to face the British; FIRST SHOTS OF WAR

Battle of Saratoga - the turning point for the American Revolutionaries; British tried to cut off NE from the rest of the states/colonies but were attacked at Saratoga by troops commanded by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold -> Brits forced to surrender; persuaded France to join the war against England

Yorktown - the LAST major battle of the Rev. war; strong assist by French naval/military; Washington forced the surrender of a large Brit army

Absolute Monarch - monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government; his or her powers are not limited by a constitution or by the law

Treaty of Paris (1783) - 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the US as independent 2. Mississippi River would be the western boundary of the nation 3. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada 4. Americans would pay off debts and honor loyalists claims to land; ENDED Revolutionary War

Valley forge - encampment where George Washington's poorly equipped army spent a long, freezing winter; hundreds of men died and over a thousand deserted; lack of stable supplies and munitions

Republican motherhood - a change in how women viewed their role in society enabled by the revolutionary rhetoric/active engagement in the struggle; education for women to teach children the values of the new republic/new nation’s political life;

Northwest Ordiance of 1787 - for territory between Great Lakes and the Ohio River, Congress passed the law that set the rules for creating new states -> limited self-gov. in that region and prohibited slavery

Articles of Confederation - the weak form of central gov. (bc they didn’t know how to protect state rights whilst having some form of united governing) written by the second continental congress during the Rev. war;

Shay’s Rebellion - a Massachusetts farmer/war vet. who lead an uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money; stopped collection of taxes and closed debtors’ court; broken by Mass. militia when they tried to seize weapons from an armory

Federalists - people who believed in a strong, but limited central government

George Washington - virginian who was commander-in-chief of the continental army and president of the constitutional convention; later became the first pres; founding father

Patrick Henry - virginian who vocally led the patriot cause; anti-federalist; republican exponent

Samuel Adams - played a key role in the defense of colonial rights; a leader of the Sons of Liberty; suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence; crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout NE; credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party

British whigs - british political commentators who opposed monarchism and absolute rule; believed parliament wanted to control the internal affairs without consent of people

John Adams - federalist; second pres of the US; one of the delegates to the Continental Congress; helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris

John Dickinson - drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances; opposed the Revolution and as a delegate of the Continental Congress, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence; wrote the “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania”

John Jay - pres of the Continental Congress in 1778; KEY NEGOTIATOR for the Treaty of Paris

Thomas Jefferson - WROTE THE DECLARATION; served in the Virginia legislature and the Continental Congress and was governor of Virginia; later became the 3rd pres of the US

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ Part 2:

Federalists - people who believed in a strong, but limited central government; mostly in the Coastal Regions in large cities

Anti-federalists - opponents of the federalists; most-commonly small farmers and settlers on the western frontier; anti-strong central government

The Federalists Papers - highly persuasive papers that were used to provide reasoning behind the major provisions in the Constitution; written by Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay

Constitutional Convention - the convention formed as RESULT of the Annapolis convention; all 13 colonies (except Rhode Island) attended and revised the Articles of Confederation (really just wrote the constitution ---hence the name)

Annapolis Convention - only five states attended; discussed ways to improve commercial relations among the states; resulted in the formation of the Constitutional Convention

Federalism - strong, but limited central government; supporters called, “Federalists”

Virginia Plan - proposed by James Madison; favored by large states; two houses (bicameral) with both being in proportion to the population of the states

New Jersey Plan - in favor of smaller states; single-chamber congress in which each state gets one vote; disadvantage for the larger states

Great Compromise/Connecticut Plan - Roger Sherman’s proposal; bicameral legislature (two houses); Senate has an equal rep and the House of Representatives proportioned to population

Three-Fifths Compromise - enslaved individuals counted as three-fifths of a person; big ick

Electoral College System - instead of having voters for the pres directly, the delegates assigned each state a number of electors equal to the number of state reps/senators -> they vote instead; to avoid a mob ruling

Bill of Rights - the first ten amendments of the US constitution; drafted by James Madison protected the INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES of US citizens

National Bank - the bank that deposits money for government funds and printing banknotes for stable US currency; disliked by the Anti-federalist group because the Constitution did not give Congress the “power” to make the bank

Cabinet - where you put glasses, bowls, etc.; the advisors of the president to discuss policy issues

Judiciary Act of 1789 - Supreme court has one chief justice and 5 associate justices; empowered to rule on the constitutionality of decisions made by state courts; provided 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeals

Federalist Party - the opposition of the Democratic group; supported by Hamilton and his financial program

Democratic-Republican Party - the opposition to the federalist group; supported by Jefferson and others who opposed Hamilton’s banking plan

Two-term Tradition - the tradition set by George Washington to only serve for two terms of presidency; only broken by FDR

Washington’s Farewell Address - before retiring as Pres, Washington wrote a speech published in newspapers in 1796; had enormous influence; listed policies/practices which he considered unwise; set another precedent for future presidents

Alien and Sedition Acts - acts that were implemented by the federalists to deport/imprison “aliens” considered to be dangerous and detain them during war; the sedition act (more seriously) made it illegal to criticize either the pres or Congress (unconstitutional -> upset demo-republican party)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions - Demo-republic’s argued that  the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the first amendment; kentucky adopted a resolution by Jefferson; Virginia accepted a resolution by Madison; both declared that the states had entered into a “compact” and if the fed gov broke that compact, the state could nullify the law; protests against the limitations on civil liberties contained in the Alien and Sedition Acts

French Revolution - a social and political revolution in France that toppled the monarchy; created a dilemma for the United States between helping the crown or the people; chose neutrality in the matter and the Anti-feds were very unhappy

Proclamation of Neutrality - the decision made by Washington about helping during French Revolution; decided to stay neutral between the two major European powers because the nation was not strong enough to support another war; Jefferson so infuriated, he left his cabinet position 

Jay Treaty - UNPOPULAR treaty negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay; Britain agreed to evacuate their posts on the Western Frontier of the US and did not acknowledge the impressment (forcing military service of unwilling men) that was happening; ANGRY supporters of France, yet maintained the Proclamation of Neutrality

Pinckney Treaty - treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

XYZ Affair - French ministers (XYZ) requested bribes from American delegates (sent by Adams)  dealing with troubles presented through the French Revolution; Americans REFUSED and were infuriated by their demands; heightened want for war against France

Thomas Jefferson - main leader in the Anti-federalist/Democratic-republican Party; opposed many notions supported by Federalists, such as Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality and Hamilton’s national bank; part of George’s cabinet; would become the third president for the united states

“Citizen” Genêt - French Minister to the US broke the rules of diplomacy because of his objection towards Washington’s Neutrality during the French Revolution; appealed DIRECTLY to the American people to support the French; got removed from the French Gov.

Paul Revere - patriot who  WARNED THE MINUTEMEN OF THE BRITISH MARCH TO LEXINGTON AND CONCORD (so they could prepare)

Abigail Adams - wife of John Adams; wrote letters to Adams during the Rev. war to describe life on the homefront; urged John to keep WOMEN in mind when creating the new government

James Madison - FEDERALIST; father of the constitution/bill of rights; partially wrote the Federalist papers; fourth president of the US

Alexander Hamilton - MAJOR political figure during the debate for the Constitution; part of George’s cabinet; one of the leaders of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers; FINANCIAL PLAN -> NATIONAL BANK!

Henry Knox - first secretary of war; part of George’s cabinet; trusted with infant army/navy

Eli Whitney - creator of the COTTON GIN which reignited the demand for slaves