PRE-COLONIAL-PHILIPPINES

The Pre-Colonial Philippines

Page 1: Overview

  • Setting: Before the Conquest

  • Early Customs and Practices

  • Pre-Colonial Culture

Page 3-5: The Mountain Systems

  • Caraballo del Sur: forms the nucleus of the system Abra, Ilocos Norte, and Cagayan. Central to the mountain system.

  • Caraballo Occidentales: Divides into Cordillera Norte and Cordillera Central. It traverse the region west of the Cagayan River

  • Sierra Madre: also known as the Pacific Coast range. eastern and southeastern provinces of Luzon extends from Caraballo de Baler to Mayon and Bulusan Volcanoes.

  • Zambales Range: Starts at Cape Bolina, follows the China Sea coast to bataan peninsula.

  • Tagaytay Range: Passes through Cavite and Batangas and, with Mt. Makiling, forms the mountain syste m of the southern.

  • Mindoro Mountain Range: Begins at Mt. Haclon, divided into three ranges.

  • Negros: divided into two by a range running from northwest to southeast, with Kanlaon Volcano a notable peak.

  • Panay: North-south range separating Antique from Iloilo, Capiz, and Aklan.

  • Mindanao: Includes Surigao Range, Butuan Range, Central-western Range, and Western Range.

Page 6-7: The River Systems

  • Rio Grande de Cagayan: Drains the Cagayan Valley.

  • Agno Grande: Drains Benguet and the valleys of Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan,and Tarlac.

  • Abra River Systems: Receives tributaries from the Cordillera and drains Lepanto, Bontoc, and Abra.

  • Rio Grande de Pampanga and its tributaries: Drains fertile valleys of Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Bulacan.

  • Rio Grande de Mindanao: Drains the central basin of Mindanao. Agusan River and the Basin of Surigao.

Page 8: Volcanoes and Earthquakes

  • Active Volcanoes:

    • Iraya (Batanes)

    • Taal (Batangas)

    • Banahaw (Quezon)

    • Mayon (Albay)

    • Hibok-hibok (Camiguin)

    • Makaturing (Lanao)

    • Apo (Davao)

  • Coastline

  • Irregular Coastline - 10,850 statue miles (make for numerous fine harbors and landlocked straits.)

Page 10: Products and Natural Resources

  • Fertile plain and rich valleys : diverse crops - intended for exportation.

  • Rice : Central Plains of Luzon Breakthrough in rice production during the incumbency of late Pres. Marcos, Sr.

  • Products for Exportation : Copra, abaca, gums, rubber, sugar.

  • Philippine Forest: Timber and hardwoods.

  • Mining: Copper, gold, silver, iron, lead, zinc, manganese, chromium.

Page 11-12: People and Common Traits

  • Mixture of races

  • Blending of East and West

  • Mestizo and Natives

  • Mestizo – his social and financial status looked down upon the “native” as a boor.

  • Native- resented this attitude, pretentious, boastful, arrogant.

    • Hospitality

    • Close family ties

    • Respect for elders

    • Fatalistic

    • Loyalty

    • Indolence (lack of Initiatives)

    • Naturally Curious

    • Jealousy

    • Regionalistic

Page 13-16: Regional Traits

  • Samtoy (Ilocos Region): Frugality is proverbial and compares favorably with that of the Scot. The Samtoy is not a born humorist

    Biag ni Lam-ang ( a poetry that requires sustained effort)

Tagalog (Central Plains):

  • Feel superior to the rest of the Filipinos

  • His code of ethics is strict; his pride fierce

  • Developed a strong tendency to live with his parents or in-laws even after his marriage

  • Lyrical, he is a dreamer and takes the slightest opportunity to burst into a declamation

  • Sing-song nature (Balagtasan)

  1. Jose de la Cruz: Huseng Sisiw

  2. Francisco Balagtas

  3. Jose Corazon de Jesus

  4. Fernando Guerrero

  5. Cecilio Apostol

  6. Manuel Bernabe

  7. Jesus Balmori

  8. Claro M. Recto

  9. Jose Garcia Villa

  10. Nick Joaquin

  • Bicolano:

  • Temper and religiosity

  • Enjoy life and take offerings

  • Fond of spicy food

  • He is contemplating it in the church or seminary

  • Visayan: Happy-go-lucky, adventurous, spendthrift.

  • Muslim: Fiercely independent, honorable, protective of culture.

Page 18-19: Peopling of the Philippines

  • Dr. Fritjof Voss, a German scientist studying Philippine geology proved that the Philippines was never a part of mainland China.

  • It rose from the bottom of the sea and continues to rise as the thin Pacific crust moves below it.

  • The Philippines lies along the great earth faults extending to deep trenches.

  • F. Landa Jocano, a Filipino anthropologist disputed the Wave Migration Theory

  • Tabon Man (Palawan Cave in 1992)Skull cap and jaw are presumed to be those of human beings, showing conclusively that man came earlier to the Philippines than to the Malayan peninsula.

  • They stand co-equal as ethnic groups, without anyone being the dominant group racially or culturally

Page 20-21: Introduction of Islam

  • ► Arab traders missionaries and teachers

  • ► 14th century (Mudum in Malaysia)

  • ► In 1380 proceeded to Sulu and preached the doctrines of Mohammed

  • .► In 1390 Raja Baginda from Menangkabaw, Sumatra arrived in Sulu and promptly converted some of the natives to Islam

  • ► In 1450, Abu Bakr left Palembang for Sulu

  • ► Abu Bakr and Paramisuli marriage.

  • ► Sultanate of Sulu

  • ► Serif Kabungsuan arrived from Johore, and immediately began laying the foundations of Islam.

  • ► He converted many tribes and having married into an influential family

  • .► The first ever sultan of Mindanao.

Page 22-24: Trade Relations

Relations with the Orang Dampuans

  • ► 900 and 1200 AD

  • ► Southern Annam

  • ► Men of Champa established a trade post in Sulu.

  • ► No intention of dominating politically and lay their interests in trading.

Relations with Banjarmasin

  • ► The fame of Sulu reached as far as northern Borneo and soon Banjarmasin and Brunei.

  • ► Famous pearl beads

  • ► Beautiful women

  • ► Sulu developed into an emporium, and trading ships from Cambodia, China, Java, and Sumatra cast anchor at Sulu ports to savor their wealth and splendor

Page 26: The Ten Bornean Datus

  • Maragtas Legend: Settlement of Malay in Panay.

  • Datus: Puti, Bangkaya, Dumalugdog, and others settled in Panay.

Relations to China

  • ► Sung Dynasty (960-1127)

  • Chinese good flow continuously founded on the coast of the Philippines

  • ► Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

  • colonies established in the hinterland

  • ► Middle of the 14th century

  • Cambodia, Champa, Siam porcelain to Philippine wares

  • ► Yung Lo (1402-1424)

  • sent a large fleet and visited the Lingayen, Manila Bay, Mindoro, and Sulu

The Ten Bornean Datus

  • Maragtas (Settlement of Malay in Panay)

  • 13th century, Sultan Makatunaw of Borneo mistreated his subjects.

  • Datus Puti, Bangkaya, Dumalugdog, Sumakwel, Lubay, Paiburong, Dumangsil, Balensusa, Paduhinog, and Dumangsol.

  • They reached Panay which was settled by the Negritos and headed by Marikudo and his wife Maniwantiwan.

  • Luzon: Datus Puti, Balensusa, and Dumangsil

  • Antique under Datu Sumakwel; Ilo-ilo under Datu Paiburong, Aklan under Datu Bangkaya.


Page 27-29: Cultural Influences

  • Chinese Influences:

  • Mainly in economicv

  • Languages

  • Use of umbrellas, gongs, lead, porcelain, the manufacture of gunpowder, mining methods, and metallurgy.

  • Arranging of marriage, Visayan wearing white when mourning.

  • Indian Influences:

  • Primarily reflected in languages, particularly in Tagalog.

  • Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

  • Signify intellectual acts, moral conceptions, emotions, superstitions, names of deities, planets, numerals of higher numbers, botany, war, titles, some animals, instruments, industry, and names of money.

  • Present in the ancient religious belief of the Filipinos.

  • Indra Batara (Muslim) most prominent mythological figure.

  • Ancient paganism amounted to demon and spirit worship.

  • The modern Philippine Barong Tagalog is the same cut and embroidery as the Kurta of Lucknow India

  • Cord and veil ceremony.

Page 30-42: Early Customs and Practices

Clothing

Men

  • Kanggan (black or blue collarless jacket with short sleeves)

  • Bahag (Strip of cloth wrapped around the waist, passing down the thighs)

  • Putong

Women

  • Baro or Camisa

  • Saya or Patadyong

  • Tapis (around the waist)

Ornaments

  • Putong (red and embroidered)

  • Kalumbiga

  • Pendants

  • Bracelets

  • Gold Rings

  • Earrings

  • Leglets

  • Tattoos

  • Visayan People as the Pintados

  • Houses: Built for tropical climate; materials include wood and bamboo.

  • ►Ilongots, Kalingas, Mandayas, and Bagobos (Treetops)

  • ►Badjaos (Boat houses)

Social Classes:

  • 1) Nobles, 2) freemen, and 3) dependents

  • ► Barangay

  • ► Gat or Lakan(Tagalog)

  • ► Mahadlika

  • ► Alipin (Namamahayand Sagigilid or Saguiguilid)

Position of Women:

  • ► Enjoyed a unique position

  • ► Equal to men

  • ► Exclusive rights to give names to their children

  • ► Men walked behind the women.

    Government:

  • ► Barangay

  • ► 30-100

  • ► Balangay

  • ► Chieftain - to rule and govern his subjects and to maintain welfare and interests.

  • executive, legislative, and judiciary

  • Laws:

  • ► Customary - handed down orally from generation to generation, constituted the bulk laws of the barangay

  • ► Written - promulgated by the chieftains and elders Code of Kalintaw and Muslim Laws

  • ► Inheritance, divorce, usury, partnership, crime, and punishments

  • Judicial Process:

  • ► Trial by Ordeal

  • ► Council of Elders

  • ► Umalookan

  • Religious Beliefs:

  • ► Bathala

  • ► Bathalang Maykapal

  • ►Idinayale, Sidapa, Balangaw

  • ► Agni

  • ► Magwayen

  • ► Lalahon

  • ► Siginarugan

  • ► Diyan Masalanta

  • ► Adorned sun and moon, reverenced the crocodile, old tress, Cult of the Dead, anitos and anitas

  • Burial and Divination and Magic Charms:

  • ► Life after death

  • ► Laraw: Mourning of the dead

  • ► Sipa: fasting of Tagalogs (limited only to the vegetables)

  • ► Balata: avenging

  • ► Pasiyam: staging a play in honor of the dead called tibawan

  • Divination and Magic Charms:

  • Ancient Filipinos put very much stock in divination ,auguries, and magic charms

  • Flight of birds, barking of dogs, singing of lizards, etc., good or bad omen.

  • Salaksak bird

  • Soothsayer or pangatauhan

  • Aswang, mangkukulam, manggagaway, tiyanak, tikbalang, etc.

  • Agimat or anting-anting, gayuma, odom, wiga, sagabe

  • Economic Life:

  • Agriculture: rice, coconuts, sugar cane, cotton, hemp, bananas, oranges, etc.

  • Kaingin and Tillage

  • Use of irrigation (Rice Terraces)

  • Public Landholding: less arable and along themountain slopes

  • Private Landholding: rich and cultivated lands

  • Poultry, stock-raising, fishing, mining, lumbering, and shipbuilding, and weaving.

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